Bernard Hoekman

Economic Development, Competition Policy and the WTO* (2007)

This paper analyzes what actions could be taken in the context of the WTO Doha negotiations to assist countries to benefit from deeper trade integration. It discusses the policy agenda that confronts...

Bernard Hoekman, Petros C. Mavroidis

Abstract: At the recent WTO ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar, WTO members called for the launch of negotiations on disciplines relating to competition, on the basis of explicit consensus on...

Hacia una OMC que respalde más el desarrollo (2005)

FROM EURO-MED PARTNERSHIP TO EUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD: DEEPER INTEGRATION À LA CARTE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (2005)

Economic Policy Responses to Preference Erosion: From Trade as Aid to Aid for Trade* (2005)

Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, Cairo on May 3, 2005. The views expressed are personal and should not be attributed to the World Bank. The expansion of the European Union (EU) has prompted the...

Bernard Hoekman, Susan Prowse

Abstract: Trade preferences are a central issue in ongoing efforts to negotiate further multilateral trade liberalization. “Less preferred ” countries are increasingly concerned about the...

Tariffs, Entry Regulation and Markups: Country Size Matters (2004)

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms. This paper extends the empirical literature on the pro-competitive impact of policy reforms by...

Tariffs, Entry Regulation and Markups: Country Size Matters (2004)

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms. This paper extends the empirical literature on the pro-competitive impact of policy reforms by...

Tariffs, Entry Regulation and Markups: Country Size Matters (2004)

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms. This paper extends the empirical literature on the pro-competitive impact of policy reforms by...

Tariffs, Entry Regulation and Markups: Country Size Matters (2004)

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms. This paper extends the empirical literature on the pro-competitive impact of policy reforms by...

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI (2003)

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI (2003)

International trade agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies. Fewer international constraints apply to the use of investment policies, although there is...

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI (2003)

International trade agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies. Fewer international constraints apply to the use of investment policies, although there is...

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI (2003)

International trade agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies. Fewer international constraints apply to the use of investment policies, although there is...

Imports, Entry and Competition Law as Market Disciplines”, mimeo,World Bank (2003)

International trade agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies. Fewer international constraints apply to the use of investment policies, although there is...

Hiau Looi Kee, Bernard Hoekman

Since the early 1990s, numerous countries have adopted or strengthened competition legislation. In this paper we investigate the impact of competition law on industry markups over time and across a...

The global trading system (2002)

Anderson, Kym, Hoekman, Bernard, School Of Economics

In recent years trade has been transformed: significant growth and the increased interdependence of countries has made it more global. But this very increase in world trade has brought problems, with...

Quantifying the Impact of Services Liberalization in a Developing (2002)

Denise Eby Konan, Keith E. Maskus, Bernard Hoekman, Mohamed Goaied

Abstract: This paper considers how service liberalization differs from that of goods liberalization in terms of welfare, the composition of output, and growth within a developing economy. Trade...

Economic Development, Competition Policy, and the World Trade Organization (2002)

The World Bank, Bernard Hoekman, Petros C. Mavroidis

in foreign jurisdictions. To be unambiguously beneficial to low-income countries, any WTO antitrust disciplines should recognize the capacity constraints that prevail in At the recent World Trade...

Initial Conditions and Incentives for Arab Economic Integration: Can the European Community’s Success be Emulated?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2921 (2002)

Bernard Hoekman, Patrick Messerlin

Abstract: EC ‘trade fundamentals ’ prevailing in the 1960s are compared with those applying in Arab countries today. The fundamentals differ significantly—Arab countries trade much less with...

Reducing Agricultural Tariffs versus Domestic Support: What’s More Important for Developing Countries? Policy Research Working Paper 2918, The World Bank (2002)

Bernard Hoekman, Francis Ng, Marcelo Olarreaga

High levels of protection and domestic support for farmers in developed countries significantly affect many developing countries, both directly and through the price-depressing effect of agricultural...

The cost of rich (and poor) country protection to developing countries (2001)

Anderson, Kym, Dimaranan, Betina, Francois, Joseph F., Hertel, Thomas W., Hoekman, Bernard, Martin, Will

The cost of rich (and poor) country protection to developing countries (2001)

Anderson, Kym, Dimaranan, Betina, Francois, Joseph F., Hertel, Thomas W., Hoekman, Bernard, Martin, Will

Eliminating excessive tariffs on exports of least developed countries, Policy Research Working Paper 2604 (2001)

Group World, Bank Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Francis Ng, Francis Ng, Marcelo Olarreaga

for helpful comments and suggestions. The authors also thank Gerard Durand, Alice Enders, Daniel Morales, and Javier Suarez for valuable advice and data and Lili Tabada for excellent assistance.

Discussion Paper (2001)

No Adelaide Australia, Kym Anderson, Kym Anderson, Betina Dimaranan, Betina Dimaranan, Joe Francois, ...

This study confirms that substantial barriers to market access will remain in both rich and poor countries following full implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement. The analysis finds that around...

The next round of services negotiations: identifying priorities and options, in Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Issues for the Millenium Round, St. Louis: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2000)

Deep Integration, Nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade (2000)

The agreement to create a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was one of the major innovations to emerge from the Uruguay round.

Developing Country Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda (2000)

this paper we investigate the potential importance of deep integration in the context of trade agreements the EU has concluded with Mediterranean countries. We consider the case of Egypt for...

Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Kym Anderson, Kym Anderson, Kym Anderson

DEVELOPING COUNTRY AGRICULTURE AND THE NEW TRADE AGENDA Bernard Hoekman and Kym Anderson A new round of WTO negotiations on agriculture, services and perhaps some other issues is expected to be...

Policy Discussion Paper (2000)

Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Kym Anderson, Kym Anderson, ...

DEVELOPING COUNTRY AGRICULTURE AND THE NEW TRADE AGENDA A new round of WTO negotiations on agriculture, services and perhaps some other issues is expected to be launched in late 1999. To what extent...

Multilateral Disciplines for Investment-Related Policies? (1999)

Bernard Hoekman, Kamal Saggi, Will Martin, Aaditya Mattoo, Marcelo Olarreaga, Arvind Panagariya, ...

This paper asks whether there is a strong case for developing countries to support the creation of a multilateral agreement on investment. We identify a number of potential gains from cooperation:

Agriculture And The Wto: Next Steps (1999)

Adelaide Sa Australia, Kym Anderson, Kym Anderson, Bernard Hoekman, Bernard Hoekman, Anna Strutt, ...

AGRICULTURE AND THE WTO: NEXT STEPS Kym Anderson, Bernard Hoekman and Anna Strutt The potential welfare gains from further liberalizing agricultural markets are huge, both absolutely and relative to...

Foreign Investment and Productivity Growth in Czech Enterprises (1999)

Simeon Djankov, World Bank, Bernard Hoekman

this paper was presented at the conference Trade and Technology Diffusion: the Evidence with Implications for Developing Countries, Fondazione Mattei, Milan April 18-19, 1998. We are grateful to...

email correspondence (1995)

Glenn W. Harrison, Thomas F. Rutherford, David G. Tarr, Angelo Gurgel, Jel F, David Tarr, ...

The authors would like to thank the seminar participants at IPEA in Brasilia and BNDES in Rio de Janeiro, numerous agencies of the government of Brazil and Brazilian institutes and scholars

Linking Competition and Trade Policies in Central and East European Countries

Antitrust-based Remedies and Dumping in International Trade

This paper explores options for governments of Central and East European countries to increase the sensitivity of competition law enforcement to trade and investment policy, thereby supporting a...

An Egypt-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: Economic Incentives and Effects

This paper explores the possibility of governments seeking to agree to apply competition policy-based considerations and disciplines in the context of unfair trade allegations before turning to...

Bernard Hoekman, Denise Konan, Keith Maskus

Deep Integration, Regionalism and Nondiscrimination

The World Trade Organization's agreement on government procurement : expanding disciplines, declining membership?

Hoekman, Bernard, Mavroidis, Petros C.

The authors analyze the new Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) that was negotiated between a subset of General Agreement on Tariffs an Trade (GATT) members in the Uruguay Round, focusing...

Enterprise restructuring in Eastern Europe : how much? how fast? where? - preliminary evidence from trade data

Hoekman, Bernard, Pohl, Gerhard

What kind of privatization program is best suited to stimulate enterprise restructuring in former centrally planned economies? One view, expressed by most Western business and political leaders, is...

The World Trade Organization, the European Union, and the Arab World : trade policy priorities and pitfalls

Catching up with Eastern Europe? The European Union's Mediterranean free trade initiative

The countries of the Middle Eastand North Africa (MENA) have lost the geographic advantage they used to have because of their proximity to the European Union at a time when Eastern Europe was...

Intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment, and the reorientation of Eastern European exports

Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa that are considering liberalizing, privatizing, and deregulating markets face difficult policy issues. Gradual, piecemeal reform efforts have had...

Trade reorientation and productivity growth in Bulgarian enterprises

In the first half of the 1990s exports to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from many Central and Eastern European countries grew rapidly. The authors explore the...

Competition policy and the global trading system : a developing country perspective

Although the impact of international trade is usually analyzed at the macroeconomic level or at the industry level, the authors here explicitly restrict their analysis to the microeconomic level, the...

Deepening Egypt-US Trade Integration: Economic Implications of Alternative Options

Starting in the late 1980s, policy makers and academics began increasingly to call for the development of multilateral discipline on anticompetitive practices. Some believe that falling trade...

Egypt and the Uruguay Round

Free trade agreements, Egypt, U.S. trade policy, Arab League

Hoekman, Bernard, Subramanian, Arvind

The Uruguay Round will generally have a limited impact on Egyptian policies affecting goods, investment, and services. It will have a more significant impact on intellectual property, although this...

Competition law in Bulgaria after central planning

Free trade and deep integration : antidumping and antitrust in regional agreements

The authors investigate the activities of the Bulgarian competition office, the Commission for the Protection of Competition, for the years 1991-95. They provide descriptive statistics on the...

Developing country agriculture and the new trade agenda

Preferential trading agreements (PTAs) are increasingly including elements of"deep"integration--efforts to agree on common regulatory regimes. The author explores what the PTA experience suggests...

Hoekman, Bernard, Anderson, Kym

A new round of World Trade Organization negotiations on agriculture, services, and perhaps other issues is expected in late 1999. To what extent should those negotiations include"new trade...

Policies Facilitating Firm Adjustment to Globalization

Services Policies in Transition Economies: On the EU and WTO as Commitment Mechanisms

This paper focuses on policies facilitating firm adjustment to globalization. We briefly review the effects of trade and investment liberalization on firms, focusing on within-industry effects. We...

Services Policy Reform and Economic Growth in Transition Economies, 1990-2004

We analyze the extent to which the EU-15 and 16 transition economies used the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to commit to service sector policy reforms. GATS commitments are...

Services, Economic Development and the Doha Round: Exploiting the Comparative Advantage of the WTO

Major changes have occurred in the structure of former centrally planned economies, including a sharp rise in the share of services in GDP, employment and international transactions. However, large...

Hoekman, Bernard, Mattoo, Aaditya

This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the WTO. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the...

Lobbying and Agricultural Trade Policy in the United States

Gawande, Kishore, Hoekman, Bernard

This paper studies whether political campaign contributions influence agricultural protection in the United States in the manner suggested by the political economy model of Grossman and Helpman...

Protection and trade in services : a survey

Hoekman, Bernard, Primo Braga, Carlos A.

Until recently, trade in services was mostly ignored by iinternational economists, reflecting a perception that services were nontradable. This has never been true. Transportation and travel, for...

Multilateral disciplines for investment-related policies

Strengthening the global trade architecture for development

The authors evaluate the potential benefits of international disciplines on policies toward foreign direct investment for developing countries. They conclude that the case for initiating negotiations...

An Egypt-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: Economic Incentives and Effects

Despite recurring rounds of trade liberalization, under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (and its predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or GATT). Complemented by...

Bernard Hoekman, Denise Konan, Keith Maskus

Deep Integration, Regionalism and Nondiscrimination

Markups, entry regulation, and trade - Does country size matter?

Hoekman, Bernard, Hiau Looi Kee, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual, and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms with market power. The authors develop a simple model that shows that the effects of new entry,...

Trade policy reform and poverty alleviation

Hoekman, Bernard, Michalopoulos, Constantine, Schiff, Maurice, Tarr, David

In this paper, developed as part of the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Sourcebook, the authors examine how to implement trade liberalization as part of a strategy for alleviating poverty in...

Agricultural Tariffs or Subsidies: Which Are More Important for Developing Economies?

Bernard Hoekman, Francis Ng, Marcelo Olarreaga

This article assesses the impact of the world price--depressing effect of agricultural subsidies and border protection in oecd countries on developing economies' exports, imports, and welfare....

Economic development, competition policy, and the World Trade Organization

Hoekman, Bernard, Mavroidis, Petros C.

At the recent World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar, WTO members called for the launch of negotiations on disciplines relating to competition based on explicit consensus...

Trading market access for competition policy enforcement

Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization

Motivated by discussions at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on multilateral disciplines with respect to competition law, the authors develop a two-country model that explores the incentives of a...

Joseph Francois, Bernard Hoekman, Miriam Manchin

Because of concern that tariff reductions in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd) countries will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed...

The Doha Round and Preference Erosion: A Symposium

Policies Facilitating Firm Adjustment to Globalization

Hoekman, Bernard, Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata

This Paper focuses on policies facilitating firm adjustment to globalization. We briefly review the effects of trade and investment liberalization on firms, focusing on within- industry effects. We...

Trade in Services, Trade Agreements and Economic Development: A Survey of the Literature

Liberalizing trade in services : a survey

Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the WTO or regional trade agreements, especially the EU, but an increasing...

Trade and Employment: Stylized Facts and Research Findings

Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the...

Bernard Hoekman, Alan L. Winters

The substantial literature investigating the links between trade, trade policy, and labour market outcomes has generated a number of stylized facts, but many open questions remain. A common finding...

Services policies in transition economies: on the EU and WTO as commitment mechanisms

ESCHENBACH, FELIX, HOEKMAN, BERNARD

We analyze the extent to which the EU-15 and 16 transition economies used the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to commit to service sector policy reforms. GATS commitments are...

Preference Erosion and Multilateral Trade Liberalization

Francois, Joseph, Hoekman, Bernard, Manchin, Miriam

Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing...

Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

Bernard Hoekman, Carlos Braga

This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been...

European Community--Sugar : cross-subsidization and the World Trade Organization

Hoekman, Bernard, Howse, Robert

An important recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement case for many developing countries concerned European Union exports of sugar. Brazil, Thailand, and Australia alleged that the exports...

Canada-Wheat : discrimination, non-commercial considerations, and state trading enterprises

Hoekman, Bernard, Trachtman, Joel

Statutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that...

The Political Economy of Services Trade Liberalization: A Case for International Regulatory Cooperation?

Hoekman, Bernard, Mattoo, Aaditya, Sapir, André

Little progress has been made since the creation of the WTO in expanding and deepening the coverage of services liberalization commitments. This paper identifies and discusses five hypotheses that...

Developing Countries and Enforcement of Trade Agreements: Why Dispute Settlement Is Not Enough

Bown, Chad P., Hoekman, Bernard

Poor countries are rarely challenged in formal WTO trade disputes for failing to live up to commitments, reducing the benefits of their participation in international trade agreements. This paper...

Multilateral Trade Cooperation: What Next?

Hoekman, Bernard, Vines, David

This paper first briefly describes the role of the WTO and its history. It then lays out a simple bargaining model of international negotiations, which can be used for understanding the Doha round of...

Intellectual Property Provisions in North-South Trade Agreements

Strengthening the global trade architecture for development: the post Doha agenda

Using a repeated game approach, this paper models a North-South trade agreement under which North offers South improved market access (via a tariff reduction) if South agrees to prevent local...

HOEKMAN, BERNARD

Despite recurring rounds of trade liberalization under GATT WTO auspices, complemented by unilateral reforms, many developing countries have not been able to integrate into the world economy. This...

Lobbying and Agricultural Trade Policy in the United States

Gawande, Kishore, Hoekman, Bernard

This article studies whether political campaign contributions influence agricultural protection in the United States in the manner suggested by the political economy model of Grossman and Helpman...

Developing countries and the Uruguay Round : negotiations on services

Tentative first steps : an assessment of the Uruguay Round agreement on services

In the late 1980s many developing countries experienced something of a pardigm shift: governments began to pursue more market-oriented domestic policies. There was an increasing perception that...

Determinants of intra-industry trade between East and West Europe

A major result of the Uruguay Round was the creation of a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The GATS greatly extends coverage of the multilateral trading system, establishing rules and...

Aturupane, Chonira, Djankov, Simeon, Hoekman, Bernard

Intra-industry trade as a share of total tradebetween Central and Eastern European nations and the European Union (EU) is among the highest of all the EU's bilateral trade flows. The authors break...

Foreign investment and productivity growth in Czech enterprises

Deep integration, nondiscrimination, and Euro-Mediterranean free trade

Firm-level data for the Czech Republic (1992-96) suggest that foreign investments had a positive impact on recipient firms'total factor productivity (TFP) growth. This result is robust to corrections...

Hoekman, Bernard, Konan, Denise Eby

"Deep integration"--explicit government actions to reduce the market-segmenting effect of domestic regulatory policies through coordination and cooperation--is becoming a major dimension of some...

Competition policy, developing countries, and the World Trade Organization

Hoekman, Bernard, Holmes, Peter

The authors discuss developing country interests in including competition law disciplines in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Developing countries have a great interest in pursuing active domestic...

Eliminating excessive tariffs on exports of least developed countries

Hoekman, Bernard, Ng, Francis, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Most goods imported from developing countries, enter Quad markets duty-free, and, average tariffs in Quad markets are very low. But tariffs for some commodities are over one hundred percent....

Initial conditions and incentives for Arab economic integration : can the European Community's success be emulated?

Hoekman, Bernard, Messerlin, Patrick

The authors compare the European Community's"trade fundamentals"prevailing in the 1960s with those applying in Arab countries today. The fundamentals differ significantly-Arab countries trade much...

Imports, entry, and competition law as market disciplines

Kee, Hiau Looi, Hoekman, Bernard

Since the early 1990s numerous countries have adopted or strengthened competition legislation. Kee and Hoekman investigate the impact of competition law on industry markups over time and across a...

More favorable and differential treatment of developing countries : toward a new approach in the World Trade Organization

Hoekman, Bernard, Michalopoulos, Constantine, Winters, L. Alan

The authors discuss options that could be considered in the World Trade Organization (WTO) to provide more favorable treatment-so-called special and differential treatment (SDT)-to small and...

Policies facilitating firm adjustment to globalization

Hoekman, Bernard, Smarzynska Javorcik, Beata

The authors focus on policies facilitating firm adjustment to globalization. They briefly review the effects of trade and investment liberalization on firms, focusing on within-industry effects. They...

Trade preferences and differential treatment of developing countries : a selective survey

Hoekman, Bernard, Ozden, Caglar

Nonreciprocal trade preferences and provisions in the GATT/WTO that allow developing countries greater leeway to retain or use protectionist policies are two of the central planks of so-called...

Services policy reform and economic growth in transition economies, 1990-2004

Preference erosion and multilateral trade liberalization

Major changes have occurred in the structure of former centrally planned economies, including a sharp rise in the share of services in GDP, employment, and international transactions. However, large...

Francois, Joseph, Hoekman, Bernard, Manchin, Miriam

Because of concern that OECD tariff reductions will translate into worsening export performance for the least developed countries, trade preferences have proven a stumbling block to developing...

Lobbying and agricultural trade policy in the United States

Gawande, Kishore, Hoekman, Bernard

The authors study whether political campaign contributions influence agricultural protection in the United States in the manner suggested by the political economy model of Grossman and Helpman...

Services policies in transition economies : on the European Union and the World Trade Organization as commitment mechanisms

Tariff bindings and bilateral cooperation on export cartels

The authors analyze the extent to which the EU-15 and 16 transition economies used the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) to commit to service sector policy reforms. They compare GATS...

Effective protection and investment incentives in Egypt and Jordan during the transition to free trade With Europe

The pattern of US antidumping: the path from initial filing to WTO dispute settlement

BOWN, CHAD P., HOEKMAN, BERNARD, OZDEN, CAGLAR

This paper examines recent trends in the US antidumping process. We trace the experience of different groups of countries at each stage of the investigation process and through follow-up activity in...

Expanding WTO membership and heterogeneous interests

HOEKMAN, BERNARD

In late 2004, the Consultative Board to the WTO Director General issued its report, The Future of the WTO: Addressing the Institutional Challenges in the New Millennium . As noted by the Director...

Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries in the WTO: Moving Forward After Cancún

Bernard Hoekman, Constantine Michalopoulos, L. Alan Winter

The issue of special and differential treatment (SDT) for developing countries in the WTO has become a source of tension in North-South trade relations. The absence of an effective SDT regime clearly...

Services trade and growth

Hoekman, Bernard, Mattoo, Aaditya

The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial...

Regulatory cooperation, aid for trade and the general agreement on trade in services

Hoekman, Bernard, Mattoo, Aaditya

This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access...

Market discipline and corporate efficiency: evidence from Bulgaria

Simeon Djankov, Bernard Hoekman

In this paper we investigate the impact of an increase in market discipline on total factor productivity (TFP) growth at the level of the firm in Bulgaria during 1991-95, focusing in particular on...

Competition Policy and the Global Trading System

Conditions of Competition and Multilateral Surveillance

Simeon Djankov, Bernard Hoekman

Competition Policy, Developing Countries and the WTO

Bernard Hoekman, Peter Holmes

Developing Countries and the Next Round of WTO Negotiations

Rajesh Chadha, Bernard Hoekman, Will Martin, Ademola Oyejide, Mari Pangestu, Diana Tussie, ...

Some Market Access Issues for Developing Countries in a Millennium Round: Results from Recent World Bank Research

Bernard Hoekman, Will Martín

A key market access issue for developing countries will be the inclusion of industrial products. Developing countries now depend on manufactures for an average of three quarters of their export...

REGULATORY COOPERATION, AID FOR TRADE AND THE GATS

Bernard Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo

This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the WTO. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the...

Imports, entry and competition law as market disciplines

Kee, Hiau Looi, Hoekman, Bernard

DOHA, DEVELOPMENT AND DISCRIMINATION

Agriculture and the WTO: Next Steps.

Two distinct challenges confront WTO members - whether to 'save' the WTO'- that is, a multilateral trading system that is based on non-discrimination and most favoured nation liberalization - and if...

Anderson, Kym, Hoekman, Bernard, Strutt, Anna

The potential welfare gains from further liberalizing agricultural markets are shown in this paper to be huge, both absolutely and relative to gains from liberalizing textiles or other manufacturing,...

The New International Trade Agenda and the WTO: Introduction.

Hoekman, Bernard, Martin, Will

Deep Integration, Regionalism and Nondiscrimination

Holes and Loopholes in Integration Agreements: History and Prospects

preferential trade agreements, deep integration, trade in services, non-tariff barriers, Egypt, Arab League

Hoekman, Bernard, Leidy, Michael P

It often appears self-evident that regional integration arrangements (RIAs) result in more far-reaching liberalization of intra-bloc trade than is possible if countries restrict themselves to a...

Intra-Industry Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and the Reorientation of East European Exports

Effective Protection and Investment Incentives in Egypt and Jordan During the Transition to Free Trade with Europe

In the first half of the 1990s many Central and East European countries (CEECs) experienced very high growth rates of exports to OECD nations. This paper investigates the contribution of sources of...

Fuzzy Transition and Firm Efficiency: Evidence from Bulgaria, 1991-4

This paper assesses the possible impact of a Euro-Mediterranean Agreement (EMA) on Egypt and Jordan and identifies policy options that will increase the benefits of free trade with Europe. The extent...

Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade between East and West Europe

This paper investigates the relationship between firm restructuring and international competition in Bulgaria during 1991–4. Two hypotheses are tested. First, firms in industries that are subject...

Aturupane, Chonira, Djankov, Simeon, Hoekman, Bernard

The share of intra-industry trade (IIT) in total trade between Central and East European nations and the EU is among the highest of all the EU’s bilateral trade flows. IIT is broken down into...

Economic Development and the WTO After Doha

Trading Market Access for Competition Policy Enforcement

This Paper analyses what actions could be taken in the context of the WTO Doha negotiations to assist countries to benefit from deeper trade integration. It discusses the policy agenda that confronts...

International Cooperation on Domestic Policies: Lessons from the WTO Competition Policy Debate

Motivated by discussions in the World Trade Organization (WTO) on multilateral disciplines with respect to competition law, we develop a two-country model that explores the incentives of a...

The next round of services negotiations: identifying priorities and options

International cooperation is generally driven by a desire to offset a negative spillover imposed by other countries or to help governments to overcome domestic political economy constraints that...

An Egypt-U.S. Free Trade Agreement: Economic Incentives and Effects

International trade

Bernard Hoekman, Denise Konan, Keith Maskus

Egypt, U.S. trade policy, Arab League, free trade agreements

Conceptual and Political Economy Issues in Liberalizing International Transactions in Services

What to Expect from Regional and Multilateral Trade Negotiations: A Public Choice Perspective

Services have become increasingly prominent on the international policy agenda since the early 1980s. Very little information exists on how and why international transactions in services occur,...

Hoekman, Bernard, Leidy, Michael P

It is commonly observed that international trade negotiations repeatedly fail to achieve outcomes that would appear to satisfy the criteria of efficiency and mutual advantage. It can be argued that...

Regional Versus Multilateral Liberalization of Trade in Services

Rules of Origin for Goods and Services: Conceptual Issues and Economic Considerations

At the same time as regional agreements to liberalize trade in services were being pursued by OECD countries, services were also introduced onto the agenda of a multilateral trade negotiation - the...

Developing Countries and the Uruguay Round Negotiations on Services

Rules of origin form part of the traditional trade policy landscape. They are necessary for any government that seeks to distinguish between different foreign sources of supply of a product. This...

Competition, Competition Policy and the GATT

In the late 1980s many developing countries experienced something of a paradigm shift, in that governments began to pursue more market oriented domestic policies. There was increasingly a perception...

The WTO's Agreement on Government Procurement: Expanding Disciplines, Declining Membership?

This paper argues that further moves to liberalize trade and to implement existing GATT disciplines may have a greater impact on global competition than the pursuit of harmonized multilateral...

Tentative First Steps: An Assessment of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Services

With the reintroduction of agriculture and textiles and clothing into the GATT, the absence of general rules on procurement has become the major `hole' in the coverage of the GATT. This paper...

The WTO, the EU and the Arab World: Trade Policy Priorities and Pitfalls

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is a landmark in terms of creating multilateral disciplines in virgin territory, but is a failure in terms of generating liberalization and...

Catching Up With Eastern Europe? The European Union's Mediterranean Free Trade Initiative

A basic tenet of economic reform efforts in much of the Middle East and North Africa region has been gradualism. Partial and slow reform has led to a lack of credibility, limiting private sector...

Trade Liberalization and Enterprise Restructuring in Bulgaria, 1992-4

This paper discusses the potential role of a Euro-Mediterranean Agreement (EMA) in helping Middle East and North African governments implement structural economic reforms. The arguments for and...

Trade and Competition Policy in the WTO system

This paper empirically tests the link between trade openness and enterprise restructuring in Bulgaria. It belongs to a recent line of work in the empirical trade literature that investigates the...

Multilateral Disciplines on Government Procurement: What's In It For Developing Countries?

This paper surveys the major options that have been proposed concerning a possible agreement on trade-related anti-trust principles and evaluates both their desirability and feasibility. Three...

Protection and Trade in Services: A Survey

This paper assesses existing multilateral rules on government procurement from a developing country perspective. It summarizes the economics of discriminatory procurement and investigates to what...

Hoekman, Bernard, Primo Braga, Carlos

This paper surveys the literature on trade in services, focusing on the policies that are used to restrict such trade, the gains from liberalization, and the institutional mechanisms that have been...

Competition Law in Post-Central Planning Bulgaria

Avenues of Technology Transfer: Foreign Investment and Productivity Change in the Czech Republic

This paper investigates the activities of the Bulgarian competition office, the Commission for the Protection of Competition, during 1991–5. Descriptive statistics are provided on the industry...

An Egypt-United States Free Trade Agreement: Economic Incentives and Effects

Firm-level data for the Czech Republic during 1992–6 suggest that foreign investment has tended to flow to firms of above average size, initial profitability and initial labour productivity. After...

Hoekman, Bernard, Konan, Denise, Maskus, Keith

This paper explores the economic impact of a free trade agreement (FTA) between Egypt and the United States, assuming that Egypt implements both the recently agreed Arab League FTA and a Partnership...

Conditions of Competition and Multilateral Surveillance

Deep Integration, Non-Discrimination and Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade

WTO members are starting to consider whether and how to develop multilateral disciplines on competition policies. These discussions are taking place in the absence of concerted efforts to compile...

Hoekman, Bernard, Konan, Denise

Key questions in evaluating the justification for free trade agreements (FTAs) are whether formal international cooperation is necessary to promote greater contestability of markets through...

Developing Country Agriculture and the New Trade Agenda

Anderson, Kym, Hoekman, Bernard

A new round of WTO negotiations on agriculture, services and perhaps some other issues is expected to be launched in late 1999. To what extent should those negotiations include so-called "new trade...

Competition, Complementarity and Contagion in East Asia

Diwan, Ishac, Hoekman, Bernard

This paper explores to what extent the magnitude and speed of the contagion effects that materialized in East Asia in the second half of 1997 may have had "real" underpinnings, in the sense that the...

Tariff Peaks in the Quad and Least Developed Country Exports

Hoekman, Bernard, Ng, Francis, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Although average tariffs in Quad markets are very low, tariff peaks and tariff escalation have a disproportional effect on exports from least developed countries (LDCs). Tariff peak products tend to...

Mark-ups, Entry Regulation and Trade: Does Country Size Matter?

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi, Olarreaga, Marcelo

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms with market power. A simple model is developed that shows that the effects of import competition...

Trade versus Direct Investment: Modal Neutrality and National Treatment

Reducing Agriculture Tariffs Versus Domestic Support: What's More Important for Developing Countries?

International agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies whereas few constraints apply to the use of investment policies. Using a model in which a local and a...

Hoekman, Bernard, Ng, Francis, Olarreaga, Marcelo

High levels of protection and domestic support for farmers in developed countries significantly affect many least developed countries (LDCs), both directly and through the price-depressing effect of...

Imports, Entry and Competition Law as Market Disciplines

Hoekman, Bernard, Kee, Hiau Looi

Since the early 1990s, numerous countries have adopted or strengthened competition legislation. In this Paper we investigate the impact of competition law on industry markups over time and across a...

Government Procurement: Market Access, Transparency, and Multilateral Trade Rules

Evenett, Simon J, Hoekman, Bernard

The effects on national welfare and on market access of two public procurement practices, discrimination and non-transparency, are examined. Both policies have become prominent in international trade...

International Cooperation and the Reform of Public Procurement Policies

Evenett, Simon J, Hoekman, Bernard

The stalemate reached on launching negotiations on most of the Singapore Issues at Cancún provides an opportunity to revisit the knowledge base upon which proposals for international collective...

Dismantling Discrimination Against Developing Countries: Access, Rules and Differential Treatment

Multilateral trade cooperation: what next?

This Paper discusses the challenges confronting developing countries seeking to overcome discrimination in world trade rules and policies. The major sources of discrimination in both developed and...

Bernard Hoekman, David Vines

The political economy of services trade liberalization: a case for international regulatory cooperation?

Bernard Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo, André Sapir

Eliminating Excessive Tariffs on Exports of Least Developed Countries

Bernard Hoekman, Francis Ng, Marcelo Olarreaga

Although average oecd tariffs on imports from the least developed countries are very low; tariffs above 15 percent (peaks) have a disproportional effect on their exports. Products subject to tariff...

Determinants of the Export Structure of Countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

Services Policy Reform and Economic Growth in Transition Economies

Felix Eschenbach, Bernard Hoekman

Services, economic growth, transition economies,

Horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade between Eastern Europe and the European union

Chonira Aturupane, Simeon Djankov, Bernard Hoekman

F13, F15, F23,

Tariffs, Entry Regulation and Markups: Country Size Matters

Bernard Hoekman, Hiau Looi Kee, Marcelo Olarreaga

Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms. This paper extends the empirical literature on the pro-competitive impact of policy reforms by...

Using International Institutions to Improve Public Procurement.

National Treatment and the Choice Between Exports and FDI

The World Trade Organization's voluntary rules on government procurement are a useful mechanism for ensuring that public procurement procedures are efficient. They also provide an opportunity to...

Bernard Hoekman, Kamal Saggi

International trade agreements increasingly constrain the ability of governments to use trade policies. Fewer international constraints apply to the use of investment policies, although there is...

Operationalizing the Concept of Policy Space in the WTO: Beyond Special and Differential Treatment*

Multilateral trade cooperation: what next?

There are large differences between WTO Members in terms of resource capacity constraints and national trade policy and investment priorities. These affect the ability and willingness to incur the...

Bernard Hoekman, David Vines

The political economy of services trade liberalization: a case for international regulatory cooperation?

Bernard Hoekman, Aaditya Mattoo, André Sapir

Regional and Multilateral Liberalization of Service Markets: Complements or Substitutes?

BERNARD HOEKMAN, PIERRE SAUVÉ

Winners and Losers in the Panel Stage of the WTO Dispute Settlement System

Hoekman , Bernard, Horn, Henrik, Mavroidis, Petros C.

A significant body of research has sought to examine claims that developing countries are under-represented as complainants, and/or over-represented as respondents in the WTO dispute settlement...

The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Doomed to Fail? Does it Matter?

Telecommunications-Related Services: Market Access, Deeper Integration and the WTO

trade in services, trade agreements, GATS, WTO, trade negotiations, F13, F15,

Braga, Carlos A.P., Fink, Carsten, Hoekman, Bernard

Liberalization and regulatory reform of telecom markets has emerged as a high profile policy issue. This paper analyzes how the multilateral system under the World Trade Organization can help...

Canada???Wheat: discrimination, non-commercial considerations, and the right to regulate through state trading enterprises

HOEKMAN, BERNARD, TRACHTMAN, JOEL P.

EC?Sugar

HOEKMAN, BERNARD, HOWSE, ROBERT

The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? Report of the First Warwick Commission Coventry, UK: University of Warwick, 2007

The pattern of US antidumping: the path from initial filing to WTO dispute settlement

BOWN, CHAD P., HOEKMAN, BERNARD, OZDEN, CAGLAR

This paper examines recent trends in the US antidumping process. We trace the experience of different groups of countries at each stage of the investigation process and through follow-up activity in...

Developing Countries and the Political Economy of the Trading System