J. Knodel

Details der Publikationsliste

Zeitraum

1997 - 2009

Anzahl

104

Co-Autoren

Evaluation of data model update strategies (2009)

Lörscher, M., Knodel, J.

In recent years, Model Driven (Software) Development (MDD) gained in popularity. Model Driven Development uses models not only as documentation artifacts. In fact, models represent the whole software...

Analyzing variability in software variants with the variant comparison technique (2009)

Duszynski, S., Knodel, J., Naab, M.

Software systems are often tailored to individual customer needs. Consequently, these adaptations result in creation of multiple variants of the system. Maintenance and evolution of multiple variants...

ArQuE: Architecture-centric Quality Engineering (2009)

Knodel, J., Mende, T., Leszak, M., Guder, F., Meier, G., Rückert, C., ...

The ArQuE project has developed an integrated and comprehensive method that enables goal-oriented, architecture-centric development and strategic quality engineering. The consolidated expertise from...

SAVE: Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation (2009)

Duszynski, S., Knodel, J., Lindvall, M.

Fraunhofer SAVE (Software Architecture Visualization and Evaluation) is a tool for analyzing and optimizing the architecture of implemented software systems. SAVE is a joint development between...

Efficient scoping with CaVE - a case study (2009)

John, I., Knodel, J., Schulz, T.

Successful scoping - the planning instrument for introduction of product line engineering - requires information about products, features, domains, and envisioned business goals. The information...

From architecture to source code - how to ensure architecture compliance in the implemented system (2009)

Knodel, J.

Software architecture is the key factor for efficient communication, planning, development, maintenance, and hence, the overall success of the development project. Architecting is an upfront...

Architecture-centric maintenance for embedded systems: Consolidated experiences and lessons learned from seven industrial systems (2009)

Knodel, J., Mende, T., Leszak, M., Meier, G., Rückert, C., Schitter, C., ...

Software maintenance is one of the most time-consuming and effort-intensive activities in the lifecycle of a software system. Due to its nature, it increasingly ties development resources and, hence,...

From architecture to source code: How to ensure architecture compliance in the implemented system (2009)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

Software architecture is the key factor for efficient communication, planning, development, maintenance, and hence, the overall success of the development project. Architecting is an upfront...

From architecture to source code: How to ensure architecture compliance in the implemented system (2009)

Knodel, J.

Software architecture is the key factor for efficient communication, planning, development, maintenance, and hence, the overall success of the development project. Architecting is an upfront...

Variability management in small development organizations - experiences and lessons learned from a case study (2009)

Pech, D., Knodel, J., Carbon, R., Schitter, C., Hein, D.

Product line practices promise to reduce development and maintenance efforts, to improve the productivity and to reduce the time to market by systematic reuse of commonalities and variabilities....

Architecture compliance checking - experiences from successful technology transfer to industry (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Haury, U., Meier, G.

New ideas and concepts emerging from research have to be accepted by industrial stakeholders before they are used in product development. In this paper, we present our lessons learned and experiences...

Introducing architecture-centric reuse into a small organization (2008)

Beyer, H.J., Hein, D., Schitter, C., Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

Reuse promises cost-effective development and maintenance of software systems. Profiting from reuse, however, requires an upfront investment into creating building blocks to be reused by...

Reversing the reasons for changes by a-posteriori recording of decisions made (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Forster, T., Capilla, R.

By the need for quick adaptations to meet market demands and recurring changes of the requirements many software organizations end up with maintenance processes that consume enormous resources....

Introducing architecture-centric reuse into a small development organization (2008)

Beyer, H.J., Hein, D., Schitter, C., Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

Reuse promises cost-effective development and maintenance of software systems. Profiting from reuse, however, requires an upfront investment into creating building blocks to be reused by...

A decade of reverse engineering at Fraunhofer IESE - the changing role of reverse engineering in applied research (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) recognized reverse engineering as an essential competence and thus has been active in the field since 1996, which is right from...

Architecture compliance checking - experiences from successful technology transfer to industry (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Haury, U., Meier, G.

New ideas and concepts emerging from research have to be accepted by industrial stakeholders before they are used in product development. In this paper, we present our lessons learned and experiences...

Variant comparison - a technique for visualizing software variants (2008)

Duszynski, S., Knodel, J., Naab, M., Hein, D., Schitter, C.

Successful software systems evolve over time and are typically tailored to individual customer needs. Consequently, these adaptations result in multiple variants of the system. These multiple...

Constructive architecture compliance checking - an experiment on support by live feedback (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Rost, D.

This paper describes our lessons learned and experiences gained from turning an analytical reverse engineering technology - architecture compliance checking - into a constructive quality engineering...

Providing feedback from application to family engineering - the product line planning game to the Testo AG (2008)

Carbon, R., Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

Product line organizations need to continuously invest into their product line infrastructure to minimize its degeneration and thus maximize its viability. Besides feedback on a strategic level to...

Variant comparison - a technique for visualizing software variants (2008)

Duszynski, S., Knodel, J., Naab, M., Hein, D., Schitter, C.

Successful software systems evolve over time and are typically tailored to individual customer needs. Consequently, these adaptations result in multiple variants of the system. These multiple...

An experiment on the role of graphical elements in architecture visualization (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The evolution and maintenance of large-scale software systems requires first an understanding of its architecture before delving into lower-level details. Tools facilitating the architecture...

Constructive architecture compliance checking - an experiment on support by live feedback (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Rost, D.

This paper describes our lessons learned and experiences gained from turning an analytical reverse engineering technology - architecture compliance checking - into a constructive quality engineering...

A decade of reverse engineering at Fraunhofer IESE - the changing role of reverse engineering in applied research (2008)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (IESE) recognized reverse engineering as an essential competence and thus has been active in the field since 1996, which is right from...

A comparison of static architecture compliance checking approaches (2007)

Knodel, J., Popescu, D.

The software architecture is one of the most important artifacts created in the lifecycle of a software system. It enables, facilitates, hampers, or interferes directly the achievement of business...

Three static architecture compliance checking approaches - a comparison (2007)

Knodel, J.

The software architecture is one of the most important artifacts created in the lifecycle of a software system. One instrument to determine how well an implementation conforms to the planned...

Evaluating the architectural coverage of runtime traces (2007)

Giombetti, M., Knodel, J.

Software systems are becoming more and more omnipresent and pervasive in our daily environment. A life without software systems is not imaginable anymore. As a matter of fact it is important that...

Efficient scoping with CaVE - a case study (2007)

John, I., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Schulz, T.

The information needed for product line scoping is usually elicited interactively with high involvement of domain experts of the application domain. In this paper we present a case study that applies...

Real-time tracking of evolving software architectures (2007)

Rost, D., Knodel, J.

Practical experience shows that the architecture of a software system degenerates during its evolution. A key reason for this effect is often an insuffcient awareness of the specifications,...

On reverse engineering of structural and behavioral views for architecture compliance checking (2007)

Weinmann, J., Lindvall, M., Ganesan, D., Knodel, J.

If no or only incomplete high-level software models exist, the reverse engineering of views is important in order to fully understand existing software systems. In this thesis we focus on the...

Comparing costs and benefits of different test strategies for a software product line: A study from Testo AG (2007)

Ganesan, D., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Haury, U., Meier, G.

Quality assurance in general and testing in particular remains as an unsolved problem in product line engineering. It is unclear, from an economic point of view, whether one should test each product...

A comparison of maintainability measures using the interactive combination of metrics (2007)

Hernandez, E., Aldekoa, G., Knodel, J.

Maintainability is considered as one of the most crucial attributes of software quality due to the fact that maintenance in software systems consumes a high proportion of the total effort spent in...

Comparing costs and benefits of different test strategies for a software product line: A study from Testo AG (2007)

Ganesan, D., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Haury, U., Meier, G.

Quality assurance in general and testing in particular remains as an unsolved problem in product line engineering. It is unclear, from an economic point of view, whether one should test each product...

An experiment on the role of graphical elements in architecture visualization (2007)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The evolution and maintenance of large-scale software systems requires first an understanding of its architecture before delving into lower-level details. Tools facilitating the architecture...

Three static architecture compliance checking approaches - a comparison (2007)

Knodel, J.

The software architecture is one of the most important artifacts created in the lifecycle of a software system. One instrument to determine how well an implementation conforms to the planned...

Three static architecture compliance checking approaches - a comparison (2007)

Knodel, J.

The software architecture is one of the most important artifacts created in the lifecycle of a software system. One instrument to determine how well an implementation conforms to the planned...

A comparison of maintainability measures using the interactive combination of metrics (2007)

Hernandez, E., Aldekoa, G., Knodel, J.

Maintainability is considered as one of the most crucial attributes of software quality due to the fact that maintenance in software systems consumes a high proportion of the total effort spent in...

Software architecture innovation cycle - development, documentation, and compliance checking (2006)

Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Muthig, D., Leszak, M., Rauch, P., Meier, G., ...

The results and activities presented in this report were conducted in the context of the ArQuE project (ArQuE stands for Architecture-centric Quality Engineering). The goal of ArQuE is to develop an...

Reverse engineering in a reuse context (2006)

Knodel, J., Koschke, R., Mende, T.

This report presents the results of a survey on existing reverse engineering techniques and how they can be applied in the context of software product lines. Software product lines are seldom...

The SAVE Plug-in - Internal Data Model and Architecture Evaluation Functionality (2006)

Rost, D., Forster, T., Knodel, J.

The paper presents a solution for the evaluation of a model generated from an existing system against a planned architecture, to identify potentially occurring differences between the architecture...

Understanding software architectures by visualization - an experiment with graphical elements (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The evolution and maintenance of large-scale software systems requires first an understanding of its architecture before delving into lower level details. Tools facilitating the architecture...

Design and implementation of a customizable metrics plug-in in eclipse (2006)

Lamersdorf, A., Knodel, J.

To analyze the quality of a software system metrics can be used that measure attributes of the software's internal structure. However, all these metrics are limited to analyzing a certain aspect...

Software architecture innovation cycle - development, documentation, and compliance checking (2006)

Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Muthig, D., Leszak, M., Rauch, P., Meier, G., ...

The results and activities presented in this report were conducted in the context of the ArQuE project (ArQuE stands for Architecture-centric Quality Engineering). The goal of ArQuE is to develop an...

Reverse engineering in a reuse context (2006)

Knodel, J., Koschke, R., Mende, T.

This report presents the results of a survey on existing reverse engineering techniques and how they can be applied in the context of software product lines. Software product lines are seldom...

Towards empirically validated software architecture visualization (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M., Zeckzer, D.

Visualization is a sound means to facilitate understanding of software architectures, but the question is which visualization concepts should be selected to solve architectural tasks. In architecture...

Static architecture evaluation of open source reuse candidates (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

Open source software systems provide a variety of field-tested components offering software development organizations the potential to reuse and adapt such components for their own purposes. The main...

A comparison of static architecture compliance checking approaches (2006)

Knodel, J., Popescu, D.

The software architecture is one of the most important artifacts created in the lifecycle of a software system. It enables, facilitates, hampers, or interferes directly the achievement of business...

The SAVE Plug-in - Internal Data Model and Architecture Evaluation Functionality (2006)

Rost, D., Forster, T., Knodel, J.

The paper presents a solution for the evaluation of a model generated from an existing system against a planned architecture, to identify potentially occurring differences between the architecture...

Towards empirically validated software architecture visualization (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M., Zeckzer, D.

Visualization is a sound means to facilitate understanding of software architectures, but the question is which visualization concepts should be selected to solve architectural tasks. In architecture...

Understanding software architectures by visualization - an experiment with graphical elements (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The evolution and maintenance of large-scale software systems requires first an understanding of its architecture before delving into lower level details. Tools facilitating the architecture...

Discovering organizational aspects from the source code history log during the product line planning phase - a case study (2006)

Ganesan, D., Muthig, D., Knodel, J., Yoshimura, K.

How to introduce software product line engineering (PLE) in the presence of existing stand-alone similar systems remains a challenging question for many organizations. This paper reports on a reverse...

Combining reverse engineering techniques for product lines (2006)

Ganesan, D., John, I., Knodel, J.

In a product line context, the migration strategy to exploit functionality embodied in existing components having a high reuse potential can be fourfold: reuse as is, reuse and adapt, recover and...

Understanding software architectures by visualization - an experiment with graphical elements (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The evolution and maintenance of large-scale software systems requires first an understanding of its architecture before delving into lower level details. Tools facilitating the architecture...

Design and implementation of a customizable metrics plug-in in eclipse (2006)

Lamersdorf, A., Knodel, J.

To analyze the quality of a software system metrics can be used that measure attributes of the software's internal structure. However, all these metrics are limited to analyzing a certain aspect of...

Case studies of static software architecture evaluations (2006)

Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

Architecture evaluations play an important role in the development and evolution of software systems since they determine how adequate the architecture is for its intended usage. This paper...

Design and implementation of a customizable metrics plug-in in eclipse (2006)

Lamersdorf, A., Knodel, J.

To analyze the quality of a software system metrics can be used that measure attributes of the software's internal structure. However, all these metrics are limited to analyzing a certain aspect of...

A practical guide to product line scoping (2006)

John, I., Knodel, J., Lehner, T., Muthig, D.

Over the last years scoping has been established as the initial activity for starting product line engineering. To be successful in defining the right scope for more than 5 years in industrial...

Experiences with product line development of embedded systems at testo AG (2006)

Kolb, R., John, I., Knodel, J., Muthig, D., Haury, U., Meier, G.

Product line practices are increasingly becoming popular in the domain of embedded software systems. This paper presents results of assessing success, consistency, and quality of Testo's product line...

Static evaluation of software architectures (2006)

Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts within the lifecycle of a software system. Decisions made at the architectural level directly enable, facilitate, hamper, or interfere...

The role of rationale in the design of product line architectures - a case study from industry (2006)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

Product line engineering aims at an efficient production of variants mainly enabled by large-scale and systematic reuse of artifacts throughout all development phases. A product line's central...

Static analysis of software architecture trends with eclipse (2006)

Knieling, S., Knodel, J.

Software architecture is the foundation of any software system. Thus, it is crucial for a successful development and evolution of the system that its architecture is well-defined and has a high...

Combination of requirements recovery and architecture recovery for existing systems (2005)

Forster, T., Ganesan, D., Grund, M., John, I., Knodel, J.

Reuse of components is a promising solution for software development organizations in order to fulfill the need to reduce cost, effort and time-to-market, to manage increasing complexity and size of...

Business goal-oriented architecture development (2005)

Bayer, J., Forster, T., Kolb, R., Knodel, J.

This report presents an approach to develop product families of a high quality. This is achieved by concentrating on business goal to be reached by a software product family and the resulting...

Static evaluation of software architectures (2005)

Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts within the lifecycle of a software system. Decisions made at the architectural level directly enable, facilitate, hamper, or interfere...

Evaluation of graphical elements and their adequacy for the visualization of software architectures (2005)

Naab, M., Forster, T., Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

Software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts in the life cycle of a software system. As it has major impact on the functional and quality properties of a software system being...

Asset recovery and their incorporation into product lines (2005)

Knodel, J., John, I., Ganesan, D., Pinzger, M., Usero, F., Arciniegas, J.L., ...

Software product lines aim in having a common platform from which several similar products can be derived. The elements of the platform are called assets and they are managed in an asset base being...

Combination of requirements recovery and architecture recovery for existing systems (2005)

Forster, T., Ganesan, D., Grund, M., John, I., Knodel, J.

Reuse of components is a promising solution for software development organizations in order to fulfill the need to reduce cost, effort and time-to-market, to manage increasing complexity and size of...

A systematic approach for comparing and reusing design alternatives (2005)

Knodel, J., Forster, T.

This work introduces an approach to mine field-tested design solutions when defining the architecture of a new product line. The design comparison approach (DCA) compares design solution alternatives...

Comparing design alternatives from field-tested systems to support product line architecture design (2005)

Knodel, J., Forster, T.

This paper introduces an approach to mine field-tested design solutions when defining the architecture of a new product line. The design comparison approach (DCA) compares design solution...

Business goal-oriented architecture development (2005)

Bayer, J., Forster, T., Kolb, R., Knodel, J.

This report presents an approach to develop product families of a high quality. This is achieved by concentrating on business goal to be reached by a software product family and the resulting...

Static evaluation of software architectures (2005)

Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D., Naab, M.

The software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts within the lifecycle of a software system. Decisions made at the architectural level directly enable, facilitate, hamper, or interfere...

Evaluation of graphical elements and their adequacy for the visualization of software architectures (2005)

Naab, M., Forster, T., Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

Software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts in the life cycle of a software system. As it has major impact on the functional and quality properties of a software system being...

Asset recovery and their incorporation into product lines (2005)

Knodel, J., John, I., Ganesan, D., Pinzger, M., Usero, F., Arciniegas, J.L., ...

Software product lines aim in having a common platform from which several similar products can be derived. The elements of the platform are called assets and they are managed in an asset base being...

Identifying domain-specific reusable components from existing OO systems to support product line migration (2005)

Ganesan, D., Knodel, J.

Domain-specific reuse is seen as promising way to increase the value of reuse. This paper reports our on-going work aimed to identify domain-specific software components from an existing system to...

Analyzing the product line adequacy of existing components (2005)

Knodel, J., Muthig, D.

In most cases, adaptation is required to make existing components suitable to the context defined by a product line architecture. This paper presents experience on analyzing the product line adequacy...

Asset recovery and their incorporation into product lines (2005)

Knodel, J., John, I., Ganesan, D., Pinzger, M., Usero, F., Arciniegas, J.L., ...

Software product lines aim in having a common platform from which several similar products can be derived. The elements of the platform are called assets and they are managed in an asset base being...

Evaluierung von Software Engineering Prinzipien und ihrer Bedeutung für den Ressourcenverbrauch von eingebetteter Systemsoftware (2005)

Huber, A., Knodel, J.

Viele eingebettete Systeme werden für den Massenmarkt produziert (z.B. Steuergeräte für die Automobilindustrie). Aufgrund des hohen Kostendrucks müssen diese Systeme möglichst kostengünstig...

Evaluation of graphical elements and their adequacy for the visualization of software architectures (2005)

Naab, M., Muthig, D., Knodel, J., Forster, T.

Software architecture is one of the most crucial artifacts in the life cycle of a software system. As it has major impact on the functional and quality properties of a software system being...

Request-driven reverse engineering for product lines (2004)

Knodel, J.

Migration from single system development to product family engineering is a challenging task. The success of a product line depends greatly on the quality of its architecture Therefore, it is...

Comparing design alternatives from field-tested systems to support product line architecture design (2004)

Knodel, J., Forster, T.

This paper introduces an approach to mine field-tested design solutions when defining the architecture of a new product line. The design comparison approach (DCA) compares design solution...

Evaluation of software architectures with eclipse (2004)

Miodonski, P., Forster, T., Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D.

The thesis deals with software architecture process of evaluation, with the goal to evaluate it according to given constraints (e.g., to determine the quality of the architecture, assure that...

Definition of reference architectures based on existing systems: WP 5.2, lifecycle and process for family integration (2004)

Bayer, J., Forster, T., Ganesan, D., John, I., Knodel, J., ...

Migration from single system development to product family engineering is a challenging task. The success of a product family depends greatly on the quality of its reference architecture, one of the...

Request-driven reverse engineering for product lines (2004)

Knodel, J.

Migration from single system development to product family engineering is a challenging task. The success of a product line depends greatly on the quality of its architecture Therefore, it is...

Comparing design alternatives from field-tested systems to support product line architecture design (2004)

Knodel, J., Forster, T.

This paper introduces an approach to mine field-tested design solutions when defining the architecture of a new product line. The design comparison approach (DCA) compares design solution...

Evaluation of software architectures with eclipse (2004)

Miodonski, P., Forster, T., Knodel, J., Lindvall, M., Muthig, D.

The thesis deals with software architecture process of evaluation, with the goal to evaluate it according to given constraints (e.g., to determine the quality of the architecture, assure that...

Request-driven reverse engineering for product lines (2004)

Knodel, J.

Migration from single system development to product family engineering is a challenging task. The success of a product line depends greatly on the quality of its architecture Therefore, it is...

Methodology for the interface optimization of the embedded program code (2004)

Ganesan, S., Diekmann, H., Knodel, J.

Many embedded software systems are produced for mass-markets, for example, controllers for the automobile industry or mobile phones. The production cost of an embedded system mainly depends on the...

A meta-model for fact extraction from Delphi source code (2004)

Knodel, J., Calderon-Meza, G.

Fact extraction by parsing is often the first step when analyzing a software system in a reverse engineering context. Essential to a fact extractor is the underlying meta-model, which specifies the...

Definition of reference architectures based on existing systems: WP 5.2, lifecycle and process for family integration (2004)

Bayer, J., Forster, T., Ganesan, D., John, I., Knodel, J., ...

Migration from single system development to product family engineering is a challenging task. The success of a product family depends greatly on the quality of its reference architecture, one of the...

Architekturentwicklung, basierend auf existierenden Systemen (2004)

Bayer, J., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Muthig, D.

Der Erfolg einer Produktlinie hängt entscheidend von der ihr zugrunde liegenden Referenzarchitektur ab. Um eine qualitativ hochwertige und zukunftssichere Architektur zu erhalten ist es häufig der...

Definition of reference architectures based on existing systems: WP 2.2, Platforms and Components (2003)

Bayer, J., Ganesan, D., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Schmid, K.

The success of a product family depends greatly on the quality of its reference architecture. To achieve high-quality reference architectures, it is important to leverage the experience embodied in...

Architecture recovery for product families (2003)

Pinzger, M., Gall, H., Knodel, J., Riva, C., Pasman, W., ...

Software product families are rarely created right away but they emerge when a domain becomes mature enough to sustain their long-term investments. The typical pattern is to start with a small set of...

Improving fact extraction of framework-based software systems (2003)

Knodel, J., Pinzger, M.

Modern software frameworks provide a set of common and prefabricated software artifacts that support engineers in developing large-scale software systems. Framework-related information can be...

Reconstruction of architectural views by design hypothesis (2003)

Knodel, J.

The literature proposes many techniques for reconstructing software architectures. However, there are limited guidelines on when and how to apply these techniques. There is even less information on...

A meta-model for fact extraction from delphi source code (2003)

Knodel, J., Calderon-Meza, G.

Fact extraction by parsing is often the first step when analyzing a software system in a reverse engineering context. Essential to a fact extractor is the underlying meta-model, which specifies the...

Definition of reference architectures based on existing systems: WP 2.2, Platforms and Components (2003)

Bayer, J., Ganesan, D., Knodel, J., Kolb, R., Schmid, K.

The success of a product family depends greatly on the quality of its reference architecture. To achieve high-quality reference architectures, it is important to leverage the experience embodied in...

Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories.

Knodel, J, Hermalin, A I

There has been long-standing interest in the effects of maternal age, birth rank, and birth spacing on infant and child mortality. Contradictory inferences about the role of these factors have arisen...

Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories.

Knodel, J, Hermalin, A I

There has been long-standing interest in the effects of maternal age, birth rank, and birth spacing on infant and child mortality. Contradictory inferences about the role of these factors have arisen...