TelosRFID an ad-hoc wireless networking capable multi-protocol RFID reader system (2009)
Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is rapidly being adopted as a powerful tool used in object tracking access control, telemedicine and inventory management. Its basic architecture endows reader...
Token-Based Approach for Scalable Team Coordination (2009)
Yang Xu, Paul Scerri, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
Summary. Efficient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed....
Scaling Effects in Multi-robot Control (2009)
Prasanna Velagapudi, Paul Scerri, Katia Sycara, Huadong Wang, Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang
Abstract — The present study investigates the effect of the number of controlled robots on performance of an urban search and rescue (USAR) task using a realistic simulation. Task performance...
Southern Cultures - Volume 15, Number 2, Summer 2009
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Video in Multi-Robot Search (2009)
Prasanna Velagapudi, Jijun Wang, Huadong Wang, Paul Scerri, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
Camera guided teleoperation has long been the preferred mode for controlling remote robots, with other modes such as asynchronous control only used when unavoidable. In this experiment we evaluate...
Stephen Balakirsky, Alexander Kleiner, Arnoud Visser, Vittorio Amos Ziparo, Stefano Carpin, Michael Lewis, ...
Urban Search And Rescue is a growing area of robotic research. The RoboCup Federation has recognized this, and has created the new Virtual Robots competition to complement its existing physical robot...
Assessing Measures of Coordination Demand Based on Interaction Durations (2009)
Controlling multiple robots substantially increases the complexity of the operator’s task because attention must constantly be shifted among robots in order to maintain situation awareness (SA) and...
98 USARSim: Simulation for the Study of Human- Robot Interaction (2009)
Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang, Stephen Hughes
ABSTRACT: The PackBots being used by the U.S. military in Afghanistan and the urban search and rescue (USAR) robots that worked the World Trade Center site are just two recent examples of mobile...
Jijun Wang, Huadong Wang, Michael Lewis
Abstract—Conventional models of multirobot control assume independent robots and tasks. This allows an additive model in which the operator controls robots sequentially neglecting each until its...
Beyond products and services: Shifting value generation in the automotive supply chain (2009)
Lewis, Michael, Howard, Michael
This paper argues that today's global automotive markets challenge the way that vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers (and their academic observers) conceptualise value creation with complex...
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Video in Multi-Robot Search (2008)
Prasanna Velagapudi, Jijun Wang, Huadong Wang, Paul Scerri, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
Camera guided teleoperation has long been the preferred mode for controlling remote robots, with other modes such as asynchronous control only used when unavoidable. In this experiment we evaluate...
Directing Attention in Virtual Environments (2008)
Stephen Hughes, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
The ability to manipulate viewpoint to the appropriate position requires that the viewer have both a good understanding of the interface and the environment. One paradoxical finding is that while...
Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang, Paul Scerri
In this paper we examine human tasks in controlling UAV teams by considering their computational complexity in the number of UAVs. This analysis suggests that controlling or following fine grained...
Designing for Human-Agent Interaction (2008)
Interacting with a computer requires adopting some metaphor to guide our actions and expectations. Most human-computer interfaces can be classified according to two dominant metaphors: (1) agent and...
Abstract Task Allocation in Teams for Launch and Range Operations (2008)
Katia Sycara, Paul Scerri, Samvith Srinivas, Michael Lewis
NASA’s operations include many teams of people who must do their own individual tasks and communicate about those tasks to other team members to accomplish team goals. Team tasks are crucial in the...
A POMDP Approach to Token-Based Team Coordination (2008)
Yang Xu, Paul Scerri, Bin Yu, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
Efficient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed. Token-based...
Experiments in Coordination Demand for MultiRobot Systems (2008)
Jijun Wang, Huadong Wang, Michael Lewis, Paul Scerri, Prasanna Velagapudi, Katia Sycara
Abstract—Conventional models of multirobot control assume independent robots and tasks. This allows an additive model in which the operator controls robots sequentially neglecting each until its...
Jumpol Polvichai, Michael Lewis, Paul Scerri
Coordination of large numbers of agents for performing complex tasks in complex domains is a rapidly progressing area of research. Because of the high complexity of the problem, approximate and...
Extending the ONESAF Testbed (2008)
Joseph A. Giampapa, Katia Sycara, Sean Owens, Robin Glinton, Young-woo Seo, Bin Yu, ...
On behalf of:
Stephen Balakirsky, Alexander Kleiner, Arnoud Visser, Vittorio Amos Ziparo, Stefano Carpin, Michael Lewis, ...
Urban Search And Rescue is a growing area of robotic research. The RoboCup Federation has recognized this, and has created the new Virtual Robots competition to complement its existing physical robot...
Software agents represent a radical departure from earlier monolithic approaches to artificial intelligence by introducing intelligence in small packages in many different places. For each instance...
Lightweight UAV Simulation for use in Multi-Agent Human-in-the-Loop experiments (2008)
Effective use of robotics for large scale applications such as wilderness search and rescue will depend on coordination of large teams. Automating an aerial search, for
Autonomy in Human-Robot Team Control (2008)
Human control of multiple robots has been characterized by the average demand of single robots on human attention or the distribution of demands from multiple robots. When robots are allowed to...
Attention direction is particularly difficult in open scenes such as detailed aerial photographs, wide angle/multiple video feeds, or high-resolution digital imagery. Unlike conventional displays...
Teamwork Coordination for Realistically Complex Multi Robot Systems ABSTRACT (2008)
Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang, Paul Scerri
In this paper we examine human tasks in controlling UAV teams by considering their computational complexity in the number of UAVs. This analysis suggests that controlling or following fine grained...
Task Allocation in Teams for Launch and Range Operations (2008)
Katia Sycara, Paul Scerri, Joseph Giampapa, Samvith Srinivas, Michael Lewis
NASA’s operations include many teams of people who must do their own individual tasks and communicate about those tasks to other team members to accomplish team goals. Team tasks are crucial in the...
High Fidelity Tools for Rescue Robotics: (2008)
Results And Perspectives, Stefano Carpin, Jijun Wang, Michael Lewis, Andreas Birk, Adam Jacoff
USARSim is a high fidelity robot simulation tool based on a commercial game engine. We illustrate the overall structure of the simulator and we argue about its use as a bridging tool between the...
A Survey of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes—Part I: Therapies and Devices (2008)
Daisuke Takahashi, Yang Xiao, Fei Hu, Michael Lewis
This paper surveys diabetes therapies from telemedicine viewpoint. In type 1 diabetes therapies, the exogenous insulin replacement is generally considered as a primary treatment. However, the...
Access to Saloons, Wet Voter Turnout, and Statewide Prohibition Referenda, 1907-1919 (2008)
When explaining the success of the Prohibition movement in the United States between 1900 and 1920, scholars argue that prohibitionists were able both to tap into the distrust of many rural,...
ANALYTICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL PROPERTIES OF DISTRIBUTED APPROACHES TO MDO (2007)
N. M. Alex, Natalia M. Alexandrov, Michael Lewis
Historical evolution of engineering disciplines and the complexity of the MDO problem suggest that disciplinary autonomy is a desirable goal in formulating and solving MDO problems. We examine the...
ALGORITHMIC PERSPECTIVES ON PROBLEM FORMULATIONS IN MDO (2007)
N. M. Alex, Natalia M. Alexandrov, Michael Lewis
This work is concerned with an approach to formulating the multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) problem that reflects an algorithmic perspective on MDO problem solution. The algorithmic perspective...
Emile Morse, Michael Lewis, Kai A. Olsen, Morse Original Submission
Although many different visual information retrieval systems have been proposed, few have been tested, and where testing has been performed results were often inconclusive. Further, there is very...
In this paper, we describe results of a series of experiments investigating the effects of agent aiding on human teams. The role an agent played, its task, and the ease with which it communicated...
Attention direction is particularly difficult in open scenes such as detailed aerial photographs, wide angle/multiple video feeds, or high-resolution digital imagery. Unlike conventional displays...
The ability to manipulate the viewpoint is critical to many tasks performed in virtual environments (VEs). However, viewers in an information-rich VE are particularly susceptible to superfluous data...
Interacting with a computer requires adopting some metaphor to guide our actions an xpectations. Most human-computer interfaces can be classified according to two r t dominant metaphors: agent or...
Interactive Simulation of the NIST USAR Arenas (2007)
Jijun Wang, Michael Lewis, Jeffrey S. Gennari
We are developing interactive simulations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Test Facility for Autonomous Mobile Robots (Urban Search and Rescue). The NIST USAR...
USARSim : Simulation for the Study of Human-Robot Interaction (2007)
Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang, Stephen Hughes
The PackBots being used by the U.S. military in Afghanistan and the urban search and rescue (USAR) robots that worked the World Trade Center site are just two recent examples of mobile robots moving...
Asynchronous parallel generating set search for linearly-constrained optimization (2006)
Joshua D. Griffin, Tamara G. Kolda, Michael Lewis
Abstract. We describe an asynchronous parallel derivative-free algorithm for linearly-constrained optimization. Generating set search (GSS) is the basis of our method. At each iteration, a GSS...
Scaling-up Human Control for Large UAV Teams (2006)
Michael Lewis Jumpol, Michael Lewis, Jumpol Polvichai, Katia Sycara, Paul Scerri
Introduction Wide Area Search Munitions (WASMs) are a cross between an unmanned aerial vehicle and a munition. With an impressive array of onboard sensors and autonomous flight capabilities WASMs...
Common metrics for human-robot interaction (2006)
Aaron Steinfeld, Michael Lewis, Terrence Fong, Jean Scholtz
MD This paper describes an effort to identify common metrics for task-oriented human-robot interaction (HRI). We begin by discussing the need for a toolkit of HRI metrics. We then describe the...
An integrated token-based algorithm for scalable coordination (2005)
Yang Xu, Paul Scerri, Bin Yu, Steven Okamoto, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
Efficient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed. However,...
Human-Robot Teaming for Search and Rescue (2005)
Illah R. Nourbakhsh, Katia Sycara, Mary Koes, Mark Yong, Michael Lewis, ...
The program is also researching systemlevel design, evaluation, and refinement of USAR rescue architectures that include teams of sensorladen robots and human rescuers. Here, we present highlights...
An Integrated Token-Based Algorithm for Scalable (2005)
Coordination Yang Xu, Yang Xu, Paul Scerri, Bin Yu, Steven Okamoto, Michael Lewis, ...
E#cient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed. However, state...
Task-Driven Camera Operations for Robotic Exploration (2005)
Stephen B. Hughes, Michael Lewis
Human judgment is an integral part of the teleoperation process that is often heavily influenced by a single video feed returned from the remote environment. Poor camera placement, narrow field of...
Validating USARsim for use in HRI Research (2005)
Jijun Wang, Michael Lewis, Stephen Hughes, Mary Koes, Stefano Carpin
this paper we briefly introduce the USARsim simulation and discuss efforts to validate its behavior for use in Human Robot Interaction (HRI) research
A POMDP Approach to Token-Based Team Coordination (2005)
Yang Xu Paul, Paul Scerri, Bin Yu, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
E#cient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed. Token-based...
An Integrated Token-Based Algorithm for Scalable (2005)
Coordination Yang Xu, Yang Xu, Paul Scerri, Bin Yu, Steven Okamoto, Michael Lewis, ...
E#cient coordination among large numbers of heterogeneous agents promises to revolutionize the way in which some complex tasks, such as responding to urban disasters can be performed. However, state...
ASSISTED VIEWPOINT INTERACTION FOR 3D VISUALIZATIONS (2005)
Stephen Benjamin Hughes, Stephen Benjamin Hughes, Dr. Michael Lewis, C. Hirtle, ...
This dissertation was presented by
Bendersky, Margaret, Bennett, David, Lewis, Michael
Objective To examine childhood aggression at age 5 in a multiple risk model that includes cocaine exposure, environmental risk, and gender as predictors. Methods Aggression was assessed in 206...
New Orleans, Michael Coblenz, Jeffrey Gennari, Mary Koes, Michael Lewis, Tomasz Loboda, ...
Abstract. Heterogeneous teams of robots, cyber agents, and people working can work together to search an urban disaster site much more safely, efficiently, and quickly than human rescue workers...
Robin Glinton, Joseph Giampapa, Sean Owens, Katia Sycara, Charles Grindle, Michael Lewis
Terrain information supplies an important context for ground operations. The layout of terrain is a determining factor in arraying of forces, both friendly and enemy, and the structuring of Courses...
Gravity-Referenced Attitude Display for Teleoperation of Mobile Robots (2004)
Jijun Wang Michael, Michael Lewis, Stephen Hughes
this paper we report an experiment in which a simulated robot is maneuvered over rough exterior and interior terrains to compare a gravity-referenced view with a separated attitude indication....
Assisted Viewpoint Control for Tele-Robotic Search (2004)
INTRODUCTION Maneuvering a remote viewpoint has become a common activity, spanning multiple disciplines including extraplanetary exploration, maintenance of nuclear facilities, military operations or...
Information Sharing in Large Scale Teams (2004)
Yang Xu Michael, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara, Paul Scerri
Eective communication among agents in large teams is crucial because the members share a common goal but only have a partial views of the environment. Information sharing is dicult in a large team...
Extending the ONESAFTestbed (2004)
Into Isr Testbed, Joseph A. Giampapa, Katia Sycara, Sean Owens, Robin Glinton, Young-woo Seo, ...
This article describes how the modeling and simulation environment of the OneSAF Testbed Baseline (OTB) v1.0 has been extended to enable the testing of heterogeneous algorithms that are being...
Automating Terrain Analysis: (2004)
Algorithms For Intelligence, Charles Grindle, Michael Lewis, Robin Glinton, Joseph Giampapa, Sean Owens, ...
this paper, we present a set of algorithms and tools for automating terrain analysis and compare their results with those of experienced intelligence analysts
Extending the OneSAF Testbed into a C4ISR Test Bed (2004)
Joseph A. Giampapa, Katia Sycara, Sean Owens, Robin Glinton, Young-woo Seo, Bin Yu, ...
This paper describes how the modeling and simulation environment of the OneSAF Testbed Baseline (OTB) v1.0 has been extended to enable the testing of heterogeneous algorithms that are being designed...
Cattle and Conservation at Bharatpur: A Case Study in Science and Advocacy (2003)
"For generations of ecologists and park managers throughout the world the destructive nature of livestock grazing on natural systems was so apparent that it never even needed to be discussed. Based...
Camera control and decoupled motion for teleoperation (2003)
Stephen Hughes, Joeseph Manojlovich, Michael Lewis, Jeffrey Gennari
Abstract – Human judgment is an integral part of the teleoperation process that is often heavily influenced by a single video feed returned from the remote environment. This limitation on the...
Joseph Manojlovich, Phongsak Prasithsangaree, Stephen Hughes, Jinlin Chen, Michael Lewis, N. Bellefield Ave
A Military-based distributed interactive simulation (DIS) such as ModSAF has been used for many years. Several problems of the DIS-based simulation to support a large and heterogeneous virtual...
UTSAF: A simulation bridge between OneSAF and the unreal engine (2003)
Phongsak Prasithsangaree, Joseph M. Manojlovich, Jinlin Chen, Michael Lewis
Abstract – Rapid advances in consumer electronics have led to the anomaly that consumer off the shelf (COTS) gaming hardware and software now provide better interactive graphics than military and...
Attentional Effect of Animated Character (2003)
Cholyeun Hongpaisanwiwat, Michael Lewis
Abstract: Research has found that animated characters are capable of capturing users ’ attention, engaging them in active tasks, and entertaining them. Such capabilities are pedagogical techniques...
Experiments with attitude: attitude displays for teleoperation (2003)
Michael Lewis, Jijun Wang, Joe Manojlovich, Stephen Hughes, Xiong Liu
Abstract – Attitude control refers to controlling the pitch and roll of a mobile robot. As environments grow more complex and cues to a robot’s pose sparser it becomes easy for a teleoperator to...
Developing a Testbed for Studying Human-robot Interaction in Urban Search and Rescue (2003)
Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara, Illah Nourbakhsh
We are developing simulations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Test Facility for Autonomous Mobile Robots (Urban Search and Rescue) in order to develop and test...
The effects of animated character in multimedia presentation: attention and comprehension (2003)
Cholyeun Hongpaisanwiwat, Michael Lewis
Abstract – This present study examined the effects of animated characters and presenting voices on comprehension and attention performance in learning from a multimedia presentation. This study...
Information Discovery and Fusion: Semantics on the Battlefield (2003)
Katia Sycara, Massimo Paolucci, Michael Lewis
To help translate information superiority to decision superiority (i.e. to rapidly arrive at better decisions than adversaries can respond to), many scientific, technical and technological challenges...
Usar: A Game Based Simulation For Teleoperation (2003)
Jijun Wang Michael, Michael Lewis, Jeffrey Gennari
this paper we present our architecture and approach for using engineering models, digital photographs, and physical measurements to rapidly produce game-engine based high fidelity teleoperation...
Utsaf: Getting the best of consumer graphics into military simulations (2003)
Joseph Manojlovich, Phongsak Prasithsangaree, Stephen Hughes, Jinlin Chen, Michael Lewis
Rapid advances in consumer electronics have led to the anomaly that consumer gaming hardware and software now provide better interactive three-dimensional graphics than military and other specialized...
Adaptive Navigation Support in 3D E-Commerce activities (2002)
Stephen Hughes, Peter Brusilovsky, Michael Lewis
Abstract. Advances in the delivery of complex graphics via the Web make 3D models and Virtual Environments available as a viable medium for e-commerce activities. Similar to hypermedia systems,...
Adaptive Navigation Support in 3D E-Commerce activities (2002)
Stephen Hughes, Peter Brusilovsky, Michael Lewis
Abstract. Advances in the delivery of complex graphics via the Web make 3D models and Virtual Environments available as a viable medium for e-commerce activities. Similar to hypermedia systems,...
Soar learning architecture to develop and test humanlevel artificial intelligence through controlling synthetic characters within the games. The other two research projects exploit both the modeling...
Emile Morse, Michael Lewis, Kai A. Olsen
have been proposed, few have been tested, and where testing has been performed, results were often inconclusive. Further, there is very little evidence of benchmarking systems against acommon...
Attentive Camera Navigation in Virtual Environments (2000)
Gaining an accurate mental representation of real environments and realistic Virtual Environments is a gradual process. Significant aspects of an environment may be obvious to a trained expert, but...
Agent-Based Aiding For Individual And Team Planning Tasks (2000)
Terri L. Lenox, Terry Payne, Susan Hahn, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
INTRODUCTION Our research focuses on techniques, which enable us to communicate with software agents. While much of the early focus on decision aids has been on supporting the individual [1], we...
Agent-Based Support for Human/Agent Teams (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn, Katia Sycara, Michael Lewis
In this paper, we present an interface agent, MokSAF, which facilitates time-critical team-planning tasks for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. This agent assists in the...
Varying the User Interaction within Multi-Agent Systems (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Katia Sycara, Michael Lewis, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn
Agents within an open multi-agent system are located through their advertisements with middle agents. Such advertisements describe the agent's capability, ontology, query or task specication,...
Agent-Based Team Aiding in a Time Critical Task (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of agent-based aiding in support of a time-critical team-planning task for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. The team task consists...
Agent-Based Support for Human/Agent Teams (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn, Katia Sycara, Michael Lewis
In this paper, we present an interface agent, MokSAF, which facilitates time-critical team-planning tasks for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. This agent assists in the...
Agent-Based Team Aiding in a Time Critical Task (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of agent-based aiding in support of a time-critical team-planning task for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. The team task consists...
Agent-Based Support for Human/Agent Teams (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn, Katia Sycara, Michael Lewis
In this paper, we present an interface agent, MokSAF, which facilitates time-critical team-planning tasks for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. This agent assists in the...
Task characteristics and intelligent aiding (2000)
Terri Lenox, Michael Lewis, Susan Hahn
Abstract • Support the team as a whole In this paper, we describe the interactions between task characteristics and human agent interfaces in a team redezvous route-planning task. The agents...
Varying the User Interaction within Multi-Agent Systems (2000)
Terry R. Payne, Katia Sycara, Michael Lewis, Terri L. Lenox, Susan Hahn
Agents within an open multi-agent system are located through their advertisements with middle agents. Such advertisements describe the agent's capability, ontology, query or task specification,...
Comparative properties of collaborative optimization and other approaches to MDO (1999)
Robert Michael Lewis, Natalia M. Alexandrov, Natalia M. Alexandrov, Michael Lewis
Abstract. We discuss criteria by which one can classify, analyze, and evaluate approaches to solving multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems. Central to our discussion is the often...
MokSAF: How should we support teamwork in human-agent teams? (1999)
Terri L. Lenox, Terry Payne, Susan Hahn, Michael Lewis, Katia Sycara
In this paper, we describe an interface agent, two different route planning agents and a pilot study which examined whether these agents could support a team planning task. The MokSAF interface agent...
Anticipation Delegation, and Demonstration: Why talking to agents is hard (1999)
Interacting with a computer requires adopting a metaphor to guide our actions and expectations. When we choose to build and use agents we are committing to interact with a domain indirectly. Whether...
Calibrating trust to integrate intelligent agents into human teams (1998)
Complex team tasks, such as joint operation planning, require that information and resources from distributed sources be exchanged and fused because no one individual or service has the collective...
Designing for Human-Agent Interaction (1998)
Michael Lewis Chool, Michael Lewis
e Interacting with a computer requires adopting some metaphor to guide our actions an xpectations. Most human-computer interfaces can be classified according to two r t dominant metaphors: agent or...
An Experimental Comparison of Three Methods for Collision Handling in Virtual Environments (1997)
Jeffrey Jacobson, Michael Lewis
This study compares three common strategies for handling collisions between the user’s virtual body and other objects in a cluttered virtual environment. Test subjects sought “treasures ” in a...
WEILAND, STEPHAN K., RUCKMANN, ANJA, KEIL, ULRICH, LEWIS, MICHAEL, DENNLER, HANS-JOACHIM, WELZEL, DIETER
A possible protective effect of thiazide diuretics against the risk of hip fracture was investigated in a case-control study among 70–79 year old women who had been continuously treated with...
Interactive Wavelet Processing And Techniques Applied To Digital Mammography (1996)
Iztok Koren, Andrew Laine, Fred Taylor, Michael Lewis
We present an interactive scheme for processing of digital mammograms relying upon a steerable dyadic wavelet transform. Coefficients of the translation and rotationinvariant transform are...
Ramsay, Douglas S., Bendersky, Margaret I., Lewis, Michael
Examined the effect of prenatal alcohol and cigarette exposure on infant adrenocortical reactivity to stress at 2 and 6 months of age. Cortisol response (pre-to poststressor increase) at 2 months was...
Robert Michael Lewis, J. E. Dennis, Michael Lewis
. We compare three nonlinear programming approaches to a well-known elliptic inverse problem in three spatial dimensions. Two of these approaches may be viewed as conventional; the third approach is...