Gouraud, V., Capra, H., Fahrner, G., Tissot, L., Souchon, Y.
Before and after relicensing of Pont-Haut hydropower station on the Roizonne (in the French Alps), fish monitoring surveys were conducted over a fifteen-year period, complemented by measurement of...
Chandesris, A., Malavoi, J.R., Mengin, N., Wasson, J.G., Souchon, Y.
In Europe, there are less than 10 % of total stream and river length that can be considered as relatively free of human pressures. Historical and contemporary human uses of landscape and watershed...
SYstème Relationnel d'Audit de l'Hydromorphologie des Cours d'Eau. ATLAS A LARGE ECHELLE V2.0 (2009)
Chandesris, A., Mengin, N., Malavoi, J.R., Souchon, Y., Wasson, J.G.
/ La mise en en oeuvre de la Directive Européenne Cadre sur l'Eau et le besoin récurrent de disposer d'un outil d'analyse du fonctionnement et de l'état physique des cours d'eau sont à l'origine...
Spatial scale and degree of synchrony in brown trout (salmo trutta) population dynamics (2009)
Fahrner, G., Villeneuve, B., Gauraud, V., Capra, H., Souchon, Y.
Spatio-temporal variability of the physical conditions in streams is known to influence freshwater population dynamics. However, the complex relationship between these physical factors (mainly...
Spatial scale and degree of synchrony in brown trout (salmo trutta) population dynamics (2009)
Fahrner, G., Villeneuve, B., Gauraud, V., Capra, H., Souchon, Y.
Spatio-temporal variability of the physical conditions in streams is known to influence freshwater population dynamics. However, the complex relationship between these physical factors (mainly...
A ten-year physical and ecological restoration programme was defined for the Rhone River in 1998. Initially, one of its main objectives was to increase the minimum flow in several by-passed sections,...
Valette, L, Chandesris, A., Mengin, N., Malavoi, J.R., Souchon, Y., Wasson, J.G.
/ Le système d'audit SYRAH-CE a pour objectif d'évaluer les altérations des processus hydromorphologiques et des formes résultantes pour les cours d'eau à l'échelle nationale. C'est un outil...
Detecting biological responses to flow management: missed opportunities; future directions (2008)
Souchon, Y., Sabaton, C., Deibel, R., Reiser, D., Kershner, J., Gard, M., ...
The conclusions of numerous stream restoration assessments all around the world are extremely clear and convergent: there has been insufficient appropriate monitoring to improve general knowledge and...
Long-term brown trout populations responses to flow manipulation (2008)
Sabaton, C., Souchon, Y., Capra, H., Gouraud, V., Lascaux, J.M., Tissot, L.
Despite the many habitat simulations that have been undertaken around the world, not enough biological monitoring has been performed following flow manipulations. It is difficult, however, to refine...
Stratégie de recherche et programme d'actions en Thermie et Hydrobiologie (2008)
/ La mise en place d'un nouveau contexte réglementaire au niveau européen, à savoir la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE), et la canicule de 2003 remettent sur le devant de la scène la question des...
Souchon, Y., Daufresne, M., Capra, H., Delattre, C., Poirel, A., Khalanski, M.
/ The main objective of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is to reach a good ecological status in all rivers and watersheds by 2015. The health of fish communities is considered to be one of the...
Minimum flows: methods for informed decision making, new methods on population dynamics (2008)
The objectives of the workshop are to share experiences between Austria and France on issues related to management of potential social, economical and environ mental impacts of hydropower dams in the...
/ L'effet de l'élévation de la température des cours d'eau sur le milieu aquatique, largement débattu au cours des années 60-70 qui ont vu le développement des centrales thermiques, pose de...
Gouraud, V., Capra, H., Sabaton, C., Tissot, L., Lim, P., Vandewalle, F., ...
Changes in a brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) population result from interaction among various mechanisms which are dependent on environmental conditions and biotic processes. In reaches influenced by...
/ La restauration des cours d'eau nécessite une bonne connaissance de leur fonctionnement physique. Cette fiche précise les facteurs influençant leur fonctionnement et les types d'altération...
Chandesris, A., Mengin, N., Malavoi, J.R., Wasson, J.G., Souchon, Y.
/ Suite à la demande du ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement et de l'Aménagement durables et des agences de l'Eau pour mettre en ½uvre les mesures appropriées afin d'atteindre les...
Système relationnel d'audit de l'hydromorphologie des cours d'eau : principes et méthodes (2008)
Chandesris, A., Mengin, N., Malavoi, J.R., Souchon, Y., Pella, H., Wasson, J.G.
/ La mise en en ½uvre de la Directive Européenne Cadre sur l'Eau et le besoin récurrent de disposer d'un outil d'analyse du fonctionnement et de l'état physique des cours d'eau sont à l'origine...
Étude thermique globale du Rhône. Impacts hydrobiologiques des échauffements cumulés (2008)
Khalanski, M., Carrel, G., Desaint, B., Fruget, J.F, Olivier, J.M., Poirel, C., ...
The global thermal study of the Rhone which was launched in 2000 at the initiative of the Rhone-Alps DRIRE (Regional Board for Industry, Research and Environment), in partnership with the DIREN...
/ Le bon état et le bon potentiel écologiques sont les nouveaux curseurs de qualité des hydrosystèmes décidés par l'Union européenne, dont le principe est inscrit dans la directive cadre sur...
Lemarchand, C., Amblard, C., Souchon, Y., Berny, P.
Scats of the European otter (Lutra lutra) were sampled along the Allier river (France) catchment for organochlorine toxic compounds (nine pesticides and 16 PCBs congeners) measurement. From early...
Chandesris, A., Malavoi, J.R., Souchon, Y., Wasson, J.G., Mengin, N.
/ Suite à la demande du ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement et de l'Aménagement durables et des agences de l'Eau pour mettre en ½uvre les mesures appropriées afin d'atteindre les...
/ Les différents programmes et plans accompagnant la gestion de l'eau en France depuis les années 1980 constatent régulièrement une dégradation de l'hydrodynamique des cours d'eau. La...
/ Le bon état et le bon potentiel écologiques sont les nouveaux curseurs de qualité des hydrosystèmes décidés par l'Union Européenne, dont le principe est inscrit dans la Directive Cadre sur...
Etude thermique globale du Rhône, Phase III, Lot 1: Synthèse des informations disponibles (2006)
Carrel, G., Olivier, J.M., Souchon, Y.
/ Ce rapport compte 4 lots regroupant une synthèse de données thermiques, physico-chimiques et biologiques (macroinvertébrés benthiques et poissons) collectées sur le Rhône français. Le...
Fruget, J.F, Bady, P., Olivier, J.M., Carrel, G., Souchon, Y., Villeneuve, B., ...
/ Ce rapport compte 4 lots regroupant une synthèse de données thermiques, physico-chimiques et biologiques (macroinvertébrés benthiques et poissons) collectées sur le Rhône français. Le...
Etude thermique globale du Rhône, phase III, Lot 4: Synthèse et conclusions (2006)
Carrel, G., Desaint, B, Fruget, J.F, Khalanski, M., Olivier, J.M., Poirel, A., ...
/ Ce rapport compte 4 lots regroupant une synthèse de données thermiques, physico-chimiques et biologiques (macroinvertébrés benthiques et poissons) collectées sur le Rhône français. Le...
Bagliniere, J.L., Larinier, M., Porcher, J.P., Prévost, E., Souchon, Y., Vauclin, V.
/ Cette expertise répond à une demande écrite du 6 décembre 2004, adressée au président du Groupement Scientifique sur les Amphihalins1 (GRISAM, Cf. descriptif à l'annexe 1). Elle émane de la...
Groupe de travail national "Cellule débits réservés". Synthèse des expérimentations (2005)
Sabaton, C., Souchon , Y., Merle, G., Lascaut, J.M., Capra, H., Gouraud, V., ...
/ Ce rapport présente la synthèse des expérimentations effectuées dans le cadre de la « Cellule Débits Réservés » sur sept sites d'étude en France.
Garin, P., Barreteau, O., Bouleau, G., Argillier, C., Babut, M., Barthélémy, C., ...
/ Le projet Facettes est un projet interne du Cemagref financé dans le cadre de l'Appel d'offres MAITRISES regroupant des équipes d'hydrobiologistes et de socio-économistes. Le projet a pour objet...
This case study considers how environmental flow assessments informed river restoration planning in the Decennial Rhône Hydraulics and Ecological Rehabilitation Plan (2000) for the Rhône River....
Brown trout population dynamics versus long term habitat history (2004)
Capra, H., Souchon, Y., Lamouroux, N.
The influence of stream discharge and habitat suitability history was investigated over 12 years on three natural brown trout (Salmo trutta) population dynamics. Discharge and habitat (described by...
Use of the instream flow incremental methodology: Introduction to the special Issue (2004)
Lamb, B.L., Sabaton, C., Souchon, Y.
Introduction to the special Issue / Editorial : Introduction présentant la thématique de l'ensemble des articles
Despite IFIM worldwide success, some criticisms have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature: lack of sufficient validation of the relationships between potential available habitat and...
Sabaton, C., Souchon, Y., Lascaux, J.M., Vandewalle, F., Baran, P., Baril, D., ...
ln the middle of the 1980s, the relicensing of numerous hydropower-plants led to widespread studies of the influence of discharge on trout populations. ln particular, specific efforts were made to...
Capra, H., Sabaton, C., Gouraud, V., Souchon, Y., Lim, P.
The real impact on downstream fish populations of a change in management of a hydropower installation, in particular, the impact of an increase in instream minimum flow, can be difficult to assess....
Despite IFIM worldwide success, some criticisms have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature: lack of sufficient validation of the relationships between potential available habitat and...
/ Pour une espèce migratrice, le cloisonnement d'une portion de cours d'eau conduit à la disparition des peuplements piscicoles en place. Ce cloisonnement peut avoir des origines naturelles :...
Validations biologiques et simplification des modélisations de l'habitat aquatique (2003)
Souchon, Y., Lamouroux, N., Capra, H.
/ Les méthodes de la famille IFIM/Phabsim (Evha dans sa version française) de simulation de la sensibilité au débit de l`habitat des cours d`eau ont majoritairement évolué en cherchant à...
Quelques questions de R&D de long terme posées par l'objectif de bon état écologique (2003)
Gosse, P., Machet, C., Souchon, Y.
/ Diaporama présentation
It is now well accepted that the efforts to control the point sources of pollution and the use of effluent-based water quality standards are not sufficient to restore the ecological status of streams...
Piegay, H., Arnaud, D., Souchon, Y.
The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability and channel geometry is studied on six streams of the Massif Central located in two different hydrological regions. Three types of reach are...
Souchon, Y., Andriamahefa, H., Breil, P., Albert, M.B., Capra, H., Lamouroux, N.
Hydrological and morphological characteristics of streams and rivers influence a wide array of ecological processes and patterns; they define the aquatic habitat template. Interdisciplinary...
Simple predictions of instream habitat model outputs for fish habitat guilds in large streams (2002)
In the context of a generalised modification of hydraulic conditions in medium to large streams, modelling the impacts of stream regulation on fish communities in multiple streams is an important...
The direct visual appreciation of geomorphologic unit (GU) in running waters is always delicate. Some misinterpretation is frequent among different observers. To standardized the GU description, we...
Capra, H., Souchon, Y., Roger, P.
This report/ratio accounts for the follow-up of the trout population and the temporal variability of habitat (flow and potential habitat = SPU) in a pilot station (ROIP1 - upstream of the reserve of...
/ L'excès de sédiments fins dans les cours d'eau, encore appelé colmatage du substrat a des effets biologiques mal quantifiés. L'objectif de cette étude est de fournir les bases méthodologiques...
Rôle de l'hydrologie dans la structuration des communautés de poissons des cours d'eau (2002)
Cattaneo, F., Lamouroux, N., Breil, P., Souchon, Y., Capra, H.
This report summarizes research led by Cemagref to settle Hydrographic and Piscicultural Network (RHP) along with CSP financial support. That research is aimed at defining reference states that...
Caractérisation des vallées alluviales (2001)
Pella, H., Wasson, J.G., Souchon, Y.
Caracterisation of 5 french bottom lands. / L'objectif de l'étude " Caractérisation des vallées alluviales " est de proposer un découpage du linéaire principal de cinq vallées alluviales...
Lamouroux, N., Capra, H., Souchon, Y.
Fish sampling done within the Hydrographic and Piscicultural Network (RHP) is and will go on being the only framework to test general organisation models of fish setting and models of streams...
Souchon, Y., Andriamahefa, H., Albert, M.B., Boet, P., Breil, P., Capra, H., ...
/ A l'issue d'une première année de travail, nous avons avancé dans la plupart des tâches annoncées dans le projet initial. Chaque fois que cela a été possible, nous avons privilégié...
Predicting community characteristics from habitat conditions: fluvial fish and hydraulics (1999)
Lamouroux, N., Olivier, J.M., Persat, H., Pouilly, M., Souchon, Y., Statzner, B.
1. One current approach to the prediction of community characteristics is to use models of key local-scale processes (e.g., niche dimensions) affecting individuals and to estimate their effects over...
Fish habitat preferences in large streams of southern France (1999)
Lamouroux, N., Capra, H., Pouilly, M., Souchon, Y.
Relationships between fish and their habitat over whole geographic regions, evident from studies of many streams and species, can improve understanding of lotic communities and provide reliable...
Peuplement de poissons de la Loire entre Grangent et Villerest. Rapport final (1998)
This study was a synthesis of three samples of fish community of the Loire river downstream the dam of Grangent. Five segments were sampled in October 96, February 97 and July 97. We used the "...
Impacts écologiques de la chenalisation des rivières (1998)
Wasson, J.G., Malavoi, J.R., Maridet, L., Souchon, Y., Paulin, L.
River channelization encompasses all methods of engineering aimed to reduce flood by resectioning, straightening and smoothing the river bed. Stabilization structure such as embankments and steps, as...
The future European Directive on the surface waters will be followed by the DG XI. On that occasion, this direction will have on overview on different technical topies included in the Directive. This...
Souchon, Y., Valentin, S., Capra, H.
The determination of minimum instream flow downstream from hydroelectric impoundments is composed of different aspects including social choices and technical evaluations. The available techniques,...
De l'eau pour les poissons ! Aide à la détermination des débits réservés (1998)
Valentin, S., Capra, H., Ginot, V., Souchon, Y.
In rivers, flow modifications downstream from result in disturbances of the ecosystem, with fish habitat damages. EVHA software is a target tool very useful to determine minimum flows to reduce the...
Quelles variables biologiques pour quels objectifs de gestion ? (1997)
Bioindicators are composed of elements located at the various levels that represent the complexity of the biological structure : at the cell and tissue level (biomarkers), at the organism level...
Etat de santé des écosystèmes aquatiques - les variables biologiques comme indicateurs (1997)
Chartier Touze, N., Galvin, Y., Leveque, C., Souchon, Y.
The national seminar of the GIP HYDROSYSTEMES titled " biological variables: indicators of the health of aquatic ecosystems " which took place in Paris on the 2nd and 3rd of November 1994 was...
Conséquence du débit réservé sur la vie piscicole (1997)
Biological and ecological adverse effects of low minimum flows downstream from small dams must be taken into account to propose solutions for mitigation. It is essential to quantify these effects...
Valentin, S., Lauters, F., Sabaton, C., Breil, P., Souchon, Y.
Hydropeaking generates significant fluctuations in flow in downstream river reaches, resulting in frequent and major changes in the ohysical conditions of the fish habitat. The microhabitat...
Dynamique fluviale et dynamique écologique (1996)
The main laws of fluvial dynamics are reviewed. They are part of the dynamic equilibrium principle which rules water stream physical evolution. In a fluvial hydrosystem, lengthwise organization...
Dynamique fluviale et dynamique écologique (1996)
Major concepts of morphological dynamic and ecological dynamic are summarized. The Loire river in the contained between Villerest and Nevers has been divided into. In each reaches, the morphological...
Pouilly, M., Souchon, Y., Le Coarer, Y., Jouve, D.
The purpose of this paper was to present a concrete example of habitat simulations for the fish assemblage in the Garonne river ( average discharge 200m3/s) near toulouse (France). This example...
Ginot, V., Souchon, Y., Roger, P.
Thermal loading due to operation of the Bugey nuclear power plant on the Rhône river is discussed in relation to the number of fish catches and to the structure of fish populations. Data was...
Impacts écologiques de la chenalisation des rivières (1995)
Wasson, J.G., Malavoi, J.R., Maridet, L., Souchon, Y., Paulin, L.
River channelization encompasses all methods of engineering aimed to reduce flood by resectioning, straightening and smoothing the river bed. Stabilization structure such as embankments and steps, as...
Predicting velocity frequency distributions in stream reaches (1995)
Lamouroux, N., Souchon, Y., Herouin, E.
The quantification of management impacts on fish populations requires a reliable estimation of the local hydraulic variability. In the case of complex natural flows, deterministic hydaulic models are...
Le poisson et son habitat : introduction du symposium (1995)
Souchon, Y., Leveque, C., Gaudin, P.
The international symposium "Fish and their habitat" made it possible to meet two scientific communities working either at a regional scale or at a local scale. This meeting was an occasion for...
Méthode des microhabitats : validation et perspectives (1995)
Instream Flow Incremental Methodology ("microhabitat" methodology, in French) is presently the most used tool to evaluate stream carrying capacity by crossing informations from biological and...
Artificialisation de l'hydrologie et fonctionnement écologique (1995)
Absence of seasons, reduction of overflow floods, chopping of morphogenic cures, transit acceleration are all causes which change the dependent biological equilibrium conditions. Thus, functions as...
A new tool to interpret magnitude and duration of fish habitat variations (1995)
Capra, H., Breil, P., Souchon, Y.
The main result of habitat simulation procedures is a static relationship between an index of potential habitat, e.g. Weighted Usable Area (WUA) , versus discharge in a study reach representative of...
La méthode des micro-habitats : protocoles d'application (1995)
Sabaton, C., Valentin, S., Souchon, Y.
This report presents and compares the protocoles of the microhabitat methodology recommanded by Cemagref and EDF/DER. This methodology aims at the evaluation of instream minimum flow in river reaches...
Operational tools of a basin integrated management have to be based on paradigms and models at different scales : the study site or station, a few ten meters long. The relationships between organisms...
Note technique - Méthode des microhabitats : principes et protocoles d'application (1995)
Pouilly, M., Valentin, S., Capra, H., Ginot, V., Souchon, Y.
In this note, we present, on potential users request, the microhabitat methodology procedures developped by Cemagref since 1985 and adapted from IFIM (US Fish and Wildlife Service). The models...
An approach using a French version of PHABSIM as enable us to estimate the potential habitat relative to the mineral and hydraulic structure of channel in three salmonid streams located in Corrèze...
Le poisson et son habitat : introduction du symposium (1995)
Souchon, Y., Lévêque, Christian, Gaudin, P.
Le symposium international "Le poisson et son habitat" a permis une rencontre entre deux communautés de scientifiques travaillant soit à l'échelle régionale, soit à l'échelle locale. Ce fut...
An assessment of quantitative methodologies for fish habitat evaluation is presented. By crossing hydraulics, geomorphology and biology, and following the IFIM philosophy several results have been...
Habitat suitability curves and habitat use factorial models were elaborated for Barbus barbus with data from 3 rivers. For the two cases, three local models, issued from data of one river, and one...
General physical and temporal dynamic in stream are described. The hydrological varaibillity is essential for the healthy functionary of the stream. / Les principes généraux de dynamique spatiale...
The sensitivity of water streams to flow variations can be analyzed by simulating the evolution of the potential physical housing capacities using the microhabitat method. It may be applied in shaded...
Research on fish physical habitat only really started fifteen years ago. This article is a summary of what has been done and is mainly oriented towards the quantification methods which include...
Conséquences écologiques du débit réservé sur l'habitat des poissons (1994)
The biological and ecological effects of reserved minimum flows downstream of some small dams are reviewed. Measurement tools of fish physical habitats permit to better quantify these effects and to...
Valentin, S., Sempeski, P., Souchon, Y., Gaudin, P.
In an experimental stream with refuge areas, hydropeaking simulations did not increase the death rate and the downstream migration of young graylings. They were capable of reacting quickly to the...
A new tool to interpret magnitude and duration of fish habitat variations (1994)
Capra, H., Breil, P., Souchon, Y.
The actual main result of habitat simulation procedures is a static relationship between an index of potential habitat, e.g. Weighted Usable Area (WUA), versus discharge in a study reach...
Evaluation of hydropeaking effects on fish community and habitat (1994)
Valentin, S., Souchon, Y., Wasson, J.G.
The effect of hydroelectrical lockfuls has been studied in the Ance du Nord stream in the Central massif. The impacts on fish populations are more important in the short-circuited section than in the...
Simulation de l'habitat physique du Barbeau fulviatile (Barbus barbus L.) (1993)
One variable curves and multivariable models of the Barbus barbus L. habitat were drawn based on data gathered from 3 water streams. The estimated quality and the response sensitivity during the...
Wasson, J.G., Malavoi, J.R., Souchon, Y.
This report contains a synthesis of the aquatic habitat structure and morphogenesis in running water ecosystems. The physical and ecological impact of stream and river channelization are reviewed...
Recherches sur l'évaluation des ressources en eau et des risques associés (1993)
Breil, P., Degoutte, G., Garric, J., Lafont, M., Leviandier, T., Makhlouf, Z., ...
The current report summarizes the results obtained by the Cemagref in 1992-1993 in the framework of the second year of the Environment Department - CEMAGREF general convention. The studies were...
Water dynamics controls various vital functions of water systems with different time and space scales. The theories have progressed greatly the past twenty years but their application in the daily...
Avancées récentes sur la modélisation de l'habitat des poissons en France (1992)
Research on fish physical habitat has only been developed in France during the last 15 years. The article presents the results of this research, especially in terms of quantification methods which...
Hydrologie et dynamique hydroécologique des cours d'eau (1992)
Two concrete examples in an Alpine water stream, the Séveraisse, show the benefits from a close connection between hydrology and hydro-ecology. / Deux exemples concrets pris dans un cours d'eau...
Habitat simulation in United States, Great Britain and France (1992)
Milhous, R.T., Johnson, I., Souchon, Y., Valentin, S.
The need to identify an instream flow requirement for water resources management exists in a number of countries. The use of habitat simulation in the United States, Great Britain, and France to...
This study is part of the research project conducted to study the impact of the Naussac II installation on the Allier river. The trout and salmon habitats have been evaluated in terms of water flow...
/ La nouvelle loi française relative à la pêche en eau douce pose trois principes : la préservation du patrimoine naturel aquatique, sa réhabilitation, sa mise en valeur par la pêche. Pour...
The new French law on freshwater fishing establishes three principles: preservation of the aquatic natural heritage, its rehabilitation, and the highlight of its value through fishing. In order to...
Souchon, Y., Trocherie, F., Fragnoud, E., Lacombe, C.
/ L'estimation des stocks de poissons que peut abriter un secteur de cours d'eau non pollué nécessite le calcul de sa capacité d'accueil en terme d'espace et de nourriture. Le premier volet a...
The functioning of running water ecosystems is controlled by the interaction of several physical parameters, the knowledge of which is being improved. Currently, the CEMAGREF de LYON is developing a...
Bry, C., Souchon, Y., Neveu, G.
/ Nous présentons dans cette note le protocole d'obtention de familles de brochetons par reproduction naturelle pratiquée dans un milieu "aménagé" (petits étangs vidangeables, enherbés et peu...
Approche quantitative de l'impact écologique des aménagements de cours d'eau (1984)
Wasson, J.G., Pialot, D., Souchon, Y., Zylberblat, M., Da Costa, G.
/ Une analyse des corrélations entre certains paramètres morphodynamiques et la répartition géographique de différentes espèces de poissons a été réalisée pour les cours d'eau du...
Bry, C., Souchon, Y., Neveu, G., Trebaol, L.
/ Des productions élevées de brochetons ont été obtenues par reproduction naturelle aménagée pendant trois années, la reproduction naturelle aménagée s'est avérée être une technique...
Approche méthodologique de la détermination des débits réservés : note bibliographique (1983)
/ La présente note a été élaborée à l'occasion de la tenue d'un groupe de travail animé par le SRAE Rhône Alpes pour dégager des axes prioritaires sur lesquels engager une procédure de...
In small experimental ponds, the stocking of 5-10 fry/m2 of northern pike Esox lucius yielded 0.9-2.6 young/m2 after 50 days in April-May. A similar numerical density of young (0.9-4.0/m2) was...
Une bonne connaissance du fonctionnement des écosystèmes d'eau courante nécessitela prise en considération d'un certain nombre de variables physiques supposés les régir. Le CEMAGREF de Lyon...